Multiple Motor Learning Processes in Humans: Defining Their Neurophysiological Bases.

Area of Science:

• Neuroscience
• Motor Control
• Human Physiology

Background:

• Motor learning involves multiple distinct processes relying on different neuronal substrates.
• Humans acquire new motor patterns through internal models and reinforcement learning.
• Dynamic environmental changes necessitate adaptation of previously learned motor actions.

Purpose of the Study:

• To discuss how physiological markers, assessed via noninvasive brain stimulation, provide insights into distinct motor learning processes.
• To review behavioral and neurophysiological studies on the contribution and interaction of distinct motor learning processes.
• To examine two primary sensorimotor learning processes: movement recalibration and new motor policy acquisition.

Main Methods:

• Review of behavioral and neurophysiological studies.
• Analysis of human physiological markers using noninvasive brain stimulation techniques.
• Examination of distinct brain regions involved in motor learning.

Main Results:

• Distinct physiological mechanisms change based on the learning timeline and behavior type.
• Recalibration of learned movements and acquisition of new motor control policies represent key sensorimotor learning processes.
• Noninvasive brain stimulation reveals insights into the neural underpinnings of motor adaptation and skill acquisition.

Conclusions:

• Understanding distinct motor learning processes is crucial for advancing motor control.
• Physiological markers and brain activity offer valuable insights into the neural basis of motor learning.
• Future research should continue to elucidate the interplay between different motor learning mechanisms.