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Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

Regulation of Transpiration by Stomata

During photosynthesis, plants acquire the necessary carbon dioxide and release the produced oxygen back into the atmosphere. Openings in the epidermis of plant leaves is the site of this exchange of gasses. A single opening is called a stoma—derived from the Greek word for “mouth.” Stomata open and close in response to a variety of environmental cues.

Plasmodesmata

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The organs in a multicellular organism’s body are made up of tissues formed by cells. To work together cohesively, cells must communicate. One way that cells communicate is through direct contact with other cells. The points of contact that connect adjacent cells are called intercellular junctions.

Plasmodesmata

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Plant Tissues

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Plants are multicellular eukaryotes with tissue systems made of various cell types that carry out specific functions. Different tissues work together to perform a unique function and form an organ. Organs working together form organ systems. Vascular plants have two distinct organ systems: a shoot system and a root system. The shoot system consists of two portions: the vegetative (non-reproductive) parts of the plant, such as the leaves and the stems, and the reproductive parts of the plant,...

Morphogenesis

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Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

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Water and Mineral Acquisition

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Author Spotlight: Image-Based Methods to Study Membrane Trafficking Events in Stomatal Lineage Cells

Published on: May 12, 2023

Flanking Support: How Subsidiary Cells Contribute to Stomatal Form and Function.

Antonia Gray¹, Le Liu¹, Michelle Facette¹

¹Department of Biology, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA, United States.

Frontiers in Plant Science

|July 28, 2020

Summary

Plant stomata, crucial for gas exchange and water balance, exhibit diverse architectures. Subsidiary cells, varying in number and form, significantly influence stomatal function and plant adaptation.

Keywords:

cell division guard cell plant development stomata subsidiary cell

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Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Relating Stomatal Conductance to Leaf Functional Traits

Published on: October 12, 2015

Area of Science:

Plant Biology
Evolutionary Botany
Plant Anatomy

Background:

The stomatal complex is a critical plant adaptation enabling transpiration and gas exchange.
Plants have evolved diverse stomatal architectures to balance gas exchange, water loss, and pathogen defense.
Stomata can be simple (two guard cells) or complex, including subsidiary cells.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the diversity of stomatal morphology, focusing on multi-cellular stomata with subsidiary cells.
To discuss the developmental origins and divisions that produce subsidiary cells.
To explore the anatomical, mechanical, and biochemical impacts of subsidiary cells on stomatal function.

Main Methods:

Literature review of plant stomatal morphology.
Analysis of the developmental pathways of subsidiary cells.
Examination of the functional consequences of subsidiary cell presence.

Main Results:

Subsidiary cells exhibit significant variation in number and morphology across plant species.
Their origins can be from the same lineage as guard cells or from adjacent cells.
Subsidiary cells influence stomatal movement, water/ion balance, and specialized morphologies like sunken stomata.

Conclusions:

Subsidiary cells play a multifaceted role in regulating stomatal function and plant adaptation.
Understanding subsidiary cell diversity offers insights into plant physiological and evolutionary strategies.
Further research into subsidiary cell mechanics and biochemistry can reveal novel aspects of stomatal regulation.