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Related Concept Videos

Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

3.8K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
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Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

3.7K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
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Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

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Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
11.9K
Types of Coprecipitation01:10

Types of Coprecipitation

4.1K
Coprecipitation is the contamination of a precipitate by otherwise soluble species and occurs via different processes. In colloidal precipitates, coprecipitation occurs via surface adsorption. For instance, barium sulfate has a primary layer of adsorbed barium ions and a secondary layer of nitrate counterions. This results in contamination of the precipitate by barium nitrate.
Sometimes, ions in a crystal lattice can undergo isomorphous replacement by inclusions of similar charge and size. For...
4.1K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

29.6K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
29.6K
Types of Global Positioning System Surveys01:30

Types of Global Positioning System Surveys

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GPS surveying methods vary in application, accuracy, and data collection techniques, catering to diverse surveying and mapping needs. Static GPS, kinematic GPS, and real-time kinematic (RTK) surveying are widely used. Each technique offers distinct advantages.Static GPS involves placing one receiver at a known reference point and another at the target point. It collects exact positional data by observing multiple satellite ranges over an extended period, achieving centimeter-level accuracy for...
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Spaceborne Cloud and Precipitation Radars: Status, Challenges, and Ways Forward.

Alessandro Battaglia1,2,3, Pavlos Kollias4,5,6, Ranvir Dhillon2

  • 1National Centre for Earth Observation University of Leicester Leicester UK.

Reviews of Geophysics (Washington, D.C. : 1985)
|July 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Spaceborne radars provide crucial 3D views of Earth's hydrological cycle, but current missions have significant gaps in observing clouds and precipitation. Future systems need enhanced technologies to address these limitations for better weather monitoring.

Keywords:
Dopplercloud microphysicsconvectionprecipitationradar

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Area of Science:

  • Atmospheric Science
  • Earth Observation
  • Hydrology

Background:

  • Spaceborne radars offer unique 3D atmospheric data for Earth's hydrological cycle.
  • Existing missions like TRMM, CloudSat, GPM, RainCube, and EarthCARE provide cloud and precipitation data, but with limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current spaceborne radar capabilities and identify gaps in observing cloud and precipitation processes.
  • To analyze limitations in detecting low-level clouds, high-latitude precipitation, and convective motions.
  • To propose solutions for the next generation of spaceborne radar systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing and planned spaceborne radar missions (TRMM, CloudSat, GPM, RainCube, EarthCARE).
  • Analysis of measurement limitations concerning cloud types and precipitation regimes.
  • Identification of technological advancements and future research directions.

Main Results:

  • Current spaceborne radar systems have considerable gaps in observing key cloud and precipitation processes.
  • Limitations exist in observing low-level clouds, mid- and high-latitude precipitation, and convective motions.
  • Advancements in radar technology and space platforms are crucial for next-generation systems.

Conclusions:

  • Next-generation spaceborne radars require enhanced capabilities to address current observational gaps.
  • Utilizing diverse frequency bands, mixed pulse lengths, and radar constellations can improve measurements.
  • Increased international engagement is vital for developing future spaceborne radar systems.