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Short-distance Transport of Resources02:12

Short-distance Transport of Resources

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Short-distance transport refers to transport that occurs over a distance of just 2-3 cells, crossing the plasma membrane in the process. Small uncharged molecules, such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and water, can diffuse across the plasma membrane on their own. In contrast, ions and larger molecules require the assistance of transport proteins due to their charge or size. Transport across membranes also occurs within individual cells, playing a variety of essential roles for the plant as a whole.
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Entropy02:39

Entropy

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Salt particles that have dissolved in water never spontaneously come back together in solution to reform solid particles. Moreover, a gas that has expanded in a vacuum remains dispersed and never spontaneously reassembles. The unidirectional nature of these phenomena is the result of a thermodynamic state function called entropy (S). Entropy is the measure of the extent to which the energy is dispersed throughout a system, or in other words, it is proportional to the degree of disorder of a...
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Carrier Transport01:21

Carrier Transport

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The generation of electrical current in semiconductors is fundamentally driven by two mechanisms: drift and diffusion. These processes are essential for the functionality and performance of semiconductor-based devices.
Drift Current:
The drift of charge carriers is started by an external electric field (E). Charged particles, such as electrons and holes, experience an acceleration between collisions with lattice atoms. For electrons, this results in a drift velocity (vd) given by:
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Reynolds Transport Theorem01:24

Reynolds Transport Theorem

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The Reynolds transport theorem provides a framework to relate the time rate of change of an extensive property within a system to that in a control volume, which is crucial for analyzing fluid dynamics. Extensive properties, such as mass, velocity, acceleration, temperature, and momentum, can be expressed in terms of the mass of a fluid portion. These properties are called extensive because they depend on the system's size, while intensive properties are their corresponding values per unit...
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Entropy Change in Reversible Processes01:10

Entropy Change in Reversible Processes

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In the Carnot engine, which achieves the maximum efficiency between two reservoirs of fixed temperatures, the total change in entropy is zero. The observation can be generalized by considering any reversible cyclic process consisting of many Carnot cycles. Thus, it can be stated that the total entropy change of any ideal reversible cycle is zero.
The statement can be further generalized to prove that entropy is a state function. Take a cyclic process between any two points on a p-V diagram.
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Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Combining Fluidic Devices with Microscopy and Flow Cytometry to Study Microbial Transport in Porous Media Across Spatial Scales
12:32

Combining Fluidic Devices with Microscopy and Flow Cytometry to Study Microbial Transport in Porous Media Across Spatial Scales

Published on: November 25, 2020

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Entropic transport in a crowded medium.

A Arango-Restrepo1, J M Rubi1

  • 1Departament de Física de la Matéria Condensada, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|July 28, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

We developed a new model for liquid matter flow through crowded media using entropic barriers. This approach explains how particle velocity scales with force, depending on the medium's microstructure.

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Area of Science:

  • Physics, Physical Chemistry
  • Biophysics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Understanding liquid matter flow in complex media is crucial for diverse applications.
  • Existing models often struggle to capture the intricate interactions within crowded environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel approach for calculating mass flow through particulate porous media.
  • To model the influence of medium microstructure on particle transport dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Emulating medium texture using entropic barriers for particle movement.
  • Analyzing the scaling behavior of particle velocity with applied force.

Main Results:

  • The model successfully reproduces observed velocity-force scaling.
  • Demonstrates how the scaling exponent is contingent upon the medium's micro-structure.

Conclusions:

  • The entropic barrier model offers a new perspective on matter flow in crowded media.
  • This approach has potential applications in nano-fluids, oil recovery, soil drainage, tissue engineering, and drug delivery.