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On Intersectionality: How Complex Patterns of Discrimination Can Emerge From Simple Stereotypes.

Neil Hester1, Keith Payne2, Jazmin Brown-Iannuzzi3

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Complex discrimination, like racial bias in policing, may stem from simple stereotypes and behavioral thresholds, not just combined identities. This challenges assumptions about intricate mental representations driving discriminatory outcomes.

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decision rulesintersectionalityopen dataopen materialsprejudicetheoretical modelsthreshold models

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Area of Science:

  • Social Psychology
  • Behavioral Economics
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Discrimination often exhibits complex, multiplicative patterns, where intersecting identities amplify bias.
  • Existing research frequently explains these complex outcomes by positing complex mental representations, such as intersectional stereotypes.
  • This study questions whether complex discrimination necessitates complex cognitive underpinnings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To propose and test an alternative explanation for complex discrimination.
  • To demonstrate that simple stereotypes combined with threshold models can account for complex discriminatory patterns.
  • To investigate the cognitive mechanisms underlying intersectional and intercategorical discrimination.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized computational simulations to model discriminatory behavior.
  • Developed threshold models where behavior is triggered when a perceived attribute exceeds a certain level.
  • Applied these models to explain empirical data on gender-by-race discrimination in promotions and police stops, and race-by-age discrimination in police stops.

Main Results:

  • Simulations successfully replicated complex discrimination patterns using simple stereotypes and threshold models.
  • The models explained observed disparities in promotions and police stops without requiring complex intersectional stereotypes.
  • Race-by-age discrimination in police stops was shown to be greater for younger adolescents, consistent with the proposed model.

Conclusions:

  • Complex discriminatory outcomes can arise from relatively simple cognitive processes and behavioral rules.
  • Threshold models offer a parsimonious explanation for multiplicative discrimination, challenging the necessity of complex mental representations.
  • This research provides a new framework for understanding the cognitive basis of social biases and discrimination.