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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

LTR Retrotransposons

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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As the name suggests, non-LTR retrotransposons lack the long terminal repeats characteristic of the LTR retrotransposons. Additionally, both LTR and non-LTR retrotransposons use distinct mechanisms of mobilization. Non-LTR retrotransposons are further divided into two classes - Long interspersed nuclear elements (LINEs) and short interspersed nuclear elements (SINEs), both of which occur abundantly in most mammals, including humans. Some of the active non-LTR retrotransposons in humans are L1...
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Gregor Mendel's work (1822 - 1884) was primarily focused on pea plants. Through his initial experiments, he determined that every gene in a diploid cell has two variants called alleles inherited from each parent. He suggested that amongst these two alleles, one allele is dominant in character and the other recessive. The combination of alleles determines the phenotype of a gene in an organism.
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Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is a process where genetic material moves between organisms within the same generation, unlike vertical gene transfer, which occurs from parent to offspring. HGT plays a crucial role in microbial evolution, adaptation, and survival, particularly in shared environments like the human gut.Mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, prophages, integrons, insertion sequences, and transposons facilitate this process. HGT occurs through three primary mechanisms:...
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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
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Multiple FGF4 Retrocopies Recently Derived within Canids.

Kevin Batcher1, Peter Dickinson2, Kimberly Maciejczyk1

  • 1Department of Population Health and Reproduction, University of California-Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA.

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Researchers discovered new fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) gene copies in canids, suggesting gene retrotransposition is common. These FGF4 retrocopies contribute to genetic diversity and unique traits in domestic dogs and red wolves.

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Comparative Genomics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Two fibroblast growth factor 4 (FGF4) retrocopies are known in dogs, linked to dwarfism and intervertebral disc disease (IVDD).
  • The role of additional FGF4 retrocopies in canine phenotypic variation remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify novel FGF4 retrocopies in canids using whole-genome sequencing.
  • To investigate the association of newly identified FGF4 retrocopies with phenotypic traits, particularly IVDD.

Main Methods:

  • Whole-genome sequencing data analysis in various canids.
  • Assaying dogs with confirmed IVDD for novel FGF4 retrocopies.
  • Comparative analysis of FGF4 retrocopy sequences and haplotypes.

Main Results:

  • Five new, distinct FGF4 retrocopies were identified across canid species.
  • One FGF4 retrocopy was found exclusively in red wolves (Canis rufus).
  • Identified FGF4 retrocopies in dogs were identical to domestic dog haplotypes, distinct from wolf haplotypes, suggesting post-domestication retrotransposition.

Conclusions:

  • Gene retrotransposition events involving FGF4 occur more frequently in canids than previously recognized.
  • The presence of multiple, full-length FGF4 retrocopies with open reading frames provides a mechanism for ongoing genetic and phenotypic diversification in canids.