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Related Concept Videos

X-linked Traits01:19

X-linked Traits

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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Sex-linked Disorders01:43

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Like autosomes, sex chromosomes contain a variety of genes necessary for normal body function. When a mutation in one of these genes results in biological deficits, the disorder is considered sex-linked.
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Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
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SeXX Matters in Multiple Sclerosis.

Francesca Gilli1, Krista D DiSano1, Andrew R Pachner1

  • 1Department of Neurology, Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Lebanon, NH, United States.

Frontiers in Neurology
|July 29, 2020
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Multiple sclerosis (MS) shows sexual dimorphism, with women having higher susceptibility but men experiencing worse outcomes. Sex hormones and chromosomes influence MS progression and immune responses.

Keywords:
multiple sclerosisneurodegenerationsex chromosomesex dimorphismsex hormones

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neuroinflammation
  • Neurodegeneration

Background:

  • Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a leading cause of chronic inflammatory and neurodegenerative disease affecting the central nervous system (CNS).
  • MS displays a notable sexual dimorphism, with women being three times more susceptible than men.
  • Despite lower susceptibility, men with MS often exhibit poorer clinical outcomes and more severe CNS damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of sexual dimorphism in multiple sclerosis.
  • To explore the roles of sex chromosomes and sex hormones in MS susceptibility and progression.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies investigating sex differences in MS.
  • Analysis of immune responses and CNS pathophysiology in relation to sex.

Main Results:

  • Women experience more frequent inflammatory relapses in MS.
  • Men with MS are more prone to disease progression and significant CNS damage.
  • Sexual dimorphism in MS is influenced by sex hormones and sex chromosomes.

Conclusions:

  • The interplay between sex chromosomes, sex hormones, and the immune system significantly impacts MS.
  • Understanding these sex-based differences is crucial for targeted MS therapies.