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Large Scale Energy Efficient Sensor Network Routing Using a Quantum Processor Unit
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An Energy Efficient Routing Approach for IoT Enabled Underwater WSNs in Smart Cities.

Nighat Usman1, Omar Alfandi2, Saeeda Usman3

  • 1Department of Computer Sciences, Bahria University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 30, 2020
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Summary

This study enhances underwater wireless sensor networks for smart cities using the Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit (ACH) protocol. The proposed U-(ACH)2 protocol shows improved performance in packet delivery and reduced packet loss compared to existing methods.

Keywords:
IoTacoustic signalsclusteringnodesrouting protocolssmart citiesunderwaterwireless sensor networks

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Electrical Engineering
  • Oceanography

Background:

  • Smart cities increasingly rely on Terrestrial and Internet of Things (IoT) enabled Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (TWSNs and IoT-UWSNs).
  • Underwater sensor nodes have limited resources (memory, battery, processing power, transmission range), and replacement is infeasible in harsh environments.
  • Efficient resource utilization is crucial for extending network lifetime in underwater sensor networks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the performance of the "Away Cluster Head with Adaptive Clustering Habit" (ACH)2 protocol, termed "Underwater (ACH)2" (U-(ACH)2), in a 3-D underwater environment to support smart city initiatives.
  • To analyze the U-(ACH)2 protocol's effectiveness across three sink configurations: single surface sink, multiple surface sinks, and combined surface and underwater sinks.
  • To assess the impact of node depth on the U-(ACH)2 protocol's performance in ocean environments.

Main Methods:

  • Implementation and evaluation of the proposed U-(ACH)2 protocol in various underwater scenarios.
  • Comparative analysis against state-of-the-art routing protocols, including Depth-based Routing (DBR) and Energy Efficient Depth-based Routing (EEDBR).
  • Performance metrics include packet sent/received ratio, packet drop ratio, and number of dead nodes.

Main Results:

  • DEEC-(ACH)2 protocol achieved the maximum number of packets sent and received at the sink node in scenarios 1 and 3.
  • TEEN-(ACH)2 protocol demonstrated the lowest packet drop ratio across all evaluated scenarios.
  • Performance regarding dead nodes varied among DEEC-(ACH)2, LEACH-(ACH)2, and SEP-(ACH)2 across different scenarios.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed U-(ACH)2 based protocols significantly outperform existing routing protocols in underwater wireless sensor networks.
  • The adaptive clustering approach enhances network efficiency and longevity for smart city applications.
  • Depth integration and sink placement strategies impact overall network performance, with specific protocols excelling under different configurations.