Gingival Crevicular Fluid Peptidome Profiling in Healthy and in Periodontal Diseases

Given its intrinsic nature, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) is an attractive source for the discovery of novel biomarkers of periodontal diseases. GCF contains antimicrobial peptides and small proteins which could play a role in specific immune-inflammatory responses to guarantee healthy gingival status and to prevent periodontal diseases. Presently, several proteomics studies have been performed leading to increased coverage of the GCF proteome, however fewer efforts have been done to explore its natural peptides. To fill such gap, this review provides an overview of the mass spectrometric platforms and experimental designs aimed at GCF peptidome profiling, including our own data and experiences gathered from over several years of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization/time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) based approach in this field. These tools might be useful for capturing snapshots containing diagnostic clinical information on an individual and population scale, which may be used as a specific code not only for the diagnosis of the nature or the stage of the inflammatory process in periodontal disease, but more importantly, for its prognosis, which is still an unmet medical need. As a matter of fact, current peptidomics investigations suffer from a lack of standardized procedures, posing a serious problem for data interpretation. Descriptions of the efforts to address such concerns will be highlighted.