Growth hormone (GH) and synaptogenesis.

Area of Science:

• Neuroendocrinology
• Neurobiology
• Molecular Neuroscience

Background:

• Growth hormone (GH) was initially recognized for its role in body growth and metabolism, produced solely by the pituitary gland.
• Emerging evidence highlights extrapituitary GH production and diverse functions beyond somatic growth.
• The critical involvement of GH in nervous system development and adult brain function is increasingly acknowledged.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions of GH within neural tissues.
• To examine the evidence for GH's role in modulating synaptic physiology, including memory, behavior, and mood.
• To consolidate experimental and clinical findings on GH's influence on synaptic function, protection, and restoration.

Main Methods:

• Review of experimental studies utilizing GH excess and deficit models.
• Analysis of clinical evidence pertaining to GH's effects on the nervous system.
• Synthesis of research on GH's neurotrophic actions: pro-survival, neuroprotection, axonal growth, synaptogenesis, neurogenesis, and neuroregeneration.

Main Results:

• GH demonstrates significant neurotrophic effects, promoting neuronal survival and protection.
• GH actively participates in processes crucial for neural plasticity, including synaptogenesis and neurogenesis.
• Evidence supports GH's positive impact on cognitive functions (memory), behavior, mood, and sensorimotor abilities.

Conclusions:

• Growth hormone plays a multifaceted role in the development and ongoing function of the nervous system.
• GH's neurotrophic and neuroprotective actions are vital for maintaining neural health and plasticity.
• GH significantly influences synaptic physiology, contributing to improved cognitive and emotional well-being.