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Related Concept Videos

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview01:26

Alzheimer's Disease: Overview

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is a continually advancing neurodegenerative disorder, distinguished by escalating memory loss, cognitive dysfunction, and dementia. The disease unfolds in three stages: preclinical, mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and dementia. Its onset is insidious, and the progression gradual, with the cause not well explained by other disorders.
The clinical diagnosis of AD hinges on the presence of memory and other cognitive impairments. Biomarkers, such as changes in Aβ...
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Dementia01:30

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Dementia is a collective term for cognitive disorders primarily affecting memory, thinking, and reasoning. It is not a specific disease but a syndrome, with Alzheimer's disease being the most common cause, accounting for approximately 60-80% of cases. Other types include vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia. Dementia affects millions worldwide, particularly older adults, though it is not a normal part of aging.
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Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment01:22

Alzheimer's Disease: Treatment

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Alzheimer's Disease (AD), a neurodegenerative disorder, is pathologically identified by amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of tau protein. AD pharmacotherapy aims to manage cognitive symptoms, delay disease progression, and treat behavioral symptoms. The treatment is primarily symptomatic and palliative, with no definitive disease-modifying therapy available. Cholinesterase inhibitors, including donepezil (Aricept), rivastigmine (Exelon), and galantamine (Razadyne), are...
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Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

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Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is...
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Amnesia01:13

Amnesia

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Amnesia is a condition marked by long-term memory loss, which impairs the ability to recall past events or create new memories.
The severity and duration of memory loss vary depending on the type and underlying cause. Amnesia is classified into two main types: retrograde and anterograde.
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Intellectual Disability01:29

Intellectual Disability

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Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...
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The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease
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[Young onset dementia].

Matthias Pawlowski1, Andreas Johnen, Thomas Duning2

  • 1Klinik für Neurologie mit Institut für Translationale Neurologie, Universitätsklinikum Münster, Albert-Schweitzer-Campus 1, Gebäude A1, 48149, Münster, Deutschland. matthias.pawlowski@ukmuenster.de.

Der Nervenarzt
|July 30, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Young onset dementia (before 65) presents diagnostic challenges, with a broad differential diagnosis. Early, hypothesis-driven diagnosis is crucial for effective patient management and counseling.

Keywords:
Alzheimer diseaseEarly-onset dementiaFrontotemporal lobar degenerationSecondary dementiaVascular dementia

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Geriatrics
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • Dementia is a growing concern due to demographic shifts.
  • Young onset dementia (before age 65) affects approximately 8% of cases.
  • Severe psychosocial and economic impacts are common in younger patients, posing diagnostic challenges.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the unique characteristics of dementia in younger individuals.
  • To identify the primary underlying diseases contributing to early-onset dementia.
  • To outline a rational clinical diagnostic approach for young onset dementia.

Main Methods:

  • This study is a narrative review.
  • Literature search was conducted using PubMed.

Main Results:

  • The differential diagnosis for dementia under 65 is extensive.
  • Common causes include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal lobar degeneration.
  • Treatable and reversible causes are more prevalent with younger age of onset.

Conclusions:

  • Diagnostic tools for primary neurodegenerative diseases are advancing with biomarkers.
  • A hypothesis-driven diagnostic work-up is essential to avoid unnecessary tests.
  • Precise clinical syndromic classification guides the diagnostic process for young onset dementia.