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Soundness of Cement01:17

Soundness of Cement

408
The soundness of cement refers to the ability of cement paste to retain its volume after setting. Unsound cement can lead to expansion and structural damage due to the presence of free lime, magnesia, and calcium sulfate. Free lime hydrates very slowly, expanding and causing unsoundness, which is difficult to detect because it intercrystallizes with other compounds. Magnesia also reacts with water, forming crystals that can disrupt the cement's structure. Calcium sulfate can create...
408
Porosity in Cement Paste01:18

Porosity in Cement Paste

375
The porosity of concrete is a measure of the void spaces within its structure. These spaces impact its strength and durability significantly. When water and cement interact, a chemical reaction called hydration creates a semi-solid paste. This paste includes combined water, making up approximately 23% of the cement's dry mass, and gel water, which fills minuscule voids known as gel pores, accounting for about 28% of the cement gel volume.
The balance of water to cement in the mix is...
375
Testing Water Quality01:14

Testing Water Quality

283
When the quality of water for concrete preparation is uncertain, its impact on the setting time of cement and compressive strength of mortar is assessed by comparison with de-ionized or distilled water benchmarks. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) C1602 requires the setting times to be within 90 minutes of the control, British Standard (BS) 3146:1980 allows a 30-minute variance in the initial setting, while British Standards European Norm (BS EN) 1008 specifies initial setting...
283
Hydration of Cement01:24

Hydration of Cement

625
Hydration of cement is a chemical reaction between cement particles and water. This process occurs primarily through two mechanisms: through-solution and topochemical. In the through-solution process, anhydrous compounds dissolve into their constituents, hydrates form in the solution, and then precipitate from the supersaturated solution. The topochemical process involves solid-state reactions at the cement particle surface. The through-solution process dominates the topochemical process at the...
625
Additives and Fillers in Concrete01:29

Additives and Fillers in Concrete

242
Additives and fillers are integral to enhancing the properties of concrete. Pozzolans and blast-furnace slag are additives or admixtures due to their reactions with calcium hydroxide released during cement hydration. Fillers, which are finely ground and similar in fineness to Portland cement, improve concrete attributes such as workability density, and reduce capillary bleeding or cracking. Some fillers possess hydraulic properties or participate in benign reactions within the cement paste.
The...
242
Fineness of Cement01:15

Fineness of Cement

370
The fineness of cement directly influences the rate of hydration, as the hydration begins at the surface of the cement particles. In addition to hydration, the fineness of cement is vital for various properties of concrete including workability, gypsum requirement, and long-term behavior. The fineness of cement is represented in terms of the specific surface of cement which is typically measured in square meters per kilogram, with several methods available for this determination.
Direct...
370

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior
11:07

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior

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Self-Sealing Process Evaluation Method Using Ultrasound Technique in Cement Composites with Mineral Additives.

Kamil Tomczak1, Jacek Jakubowski1, Łukasz Kotwica2

  • 1Department of Geomechanics, Civil Engineering and Geotechnics, AGH University of Science and Technology, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)
|July 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a new ultrasonic method to quantify self-sealing in cement composites, distinguishing it from hydration effects. The technique effectively measures crack healing and material changes over time, aiding in the development of durable construction materials.

Keywords:
cementitious materialcrack in concretenon-destructive testingself-healingself-sealingsupplementary cementitious materialsultrasonic pulse velocityultrasound techniques

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Civil Engineering
  • Concrete Technology

Background:

  • Self-sealing in cement composites recovers material integrity through chemical and microstructural changes.
  • Assessing self-sealing effects non-destructively is challenging due to confounding factors like hydration and sample variability.
  • Existing methods struggle to isolate and quantify self-sealing phenomena accurately over time and across different material properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a novel ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) technique for quantifying self-sealing in cement-based materials.
  • To differentiate self-sealing effects from ongoing binder hydration processes.
  • To propose new parameters for the quantitative characterization of the self-sealing process.

Main Methods:

  • Application of an ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) technique with a refined data processing procedure.
  • Development of specific sample preparation and testing conditions to minimize moisture content influence on UPV measurements.
  • Evaluation using cement mortars with induced cracks (0-750 µm) modified with siliceous fly ash, cured for 152 days.

Main Results:

  • The UPV method successfully quantified material changes related to self-sealing, excluding hydration effects.
  • Effective crack filling due to autogenous self-sealing ranged from 33% to 57% in the tested mortars.
  • Microstructural analysis indicated that the density of newly formed products, in addition to volume, significantly impacts ultrasonic measurements of self-sealing.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed ultrasonic method offers a reliable approach for investigating and quantifying the self-sealing performance of cement composites.
  • The study provides new insights into the factors influencing ultrasonic measurements of self-sealing, including crack width and product density.
  • This research contributes to the development of more durable and resilient cement-based materials through enhanced self-healing capabilities.