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Related Concept Videos

Major Hormones and Their Functions01:27

Major Hormones and Their Functions

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Hormones, the biochemical messengers produced by endocrine glands, are pivotal in regulating bodily functions and maintaining homeostasis. Each hormone's balance is crucial; imbalances can lead to significant physiological disruptions. Major hormones include oxytocin, cortisol, epinephrine, estrogen, testosterone, thyroxine, growth hormone, insulin, and glucagon.
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The pituitary is a small endocrine organ in the sphenoid bone under the hypothalamus. Primarily, the pituitary in adults has two distinct anatomical and functional regions— the anterior and posterior lobes. During human fetal development, a third pituitary gland region called the pars intermedia atrophies and disappears. However, some of its cells migrate and exist adjacent to the anterior pituitary in adults.
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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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The small, pea-sized pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It is crucial in regulating various bodily functions, from growth to reproduction. The gland is divided into the anterior lobe and the posterior lobe. The secretory cell clusters in the pars distalis of the anterior pituitary lobe are controlled by hypothalamic regulators and synthesize six primary hormones.
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Development of Organoids from Mouse Pituitary as In Vitro Model to Explore Pituitary Stem Cell Biology
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Hypopituitarism: A Rare but Often Neglected Condition.

Divendu Bhushan1, Mukta Agarwal2, Rahul K Shukla1

  • 1Department of General Medicine, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna, Bihar, India.

Indian Journal of Critical Care Medicine : Peer-Reviewed, Official Publication of Indian Society of Critical Care Medicine
|July 31, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Pituitary insufficiency, often caused by postpartum pituitary apoplexy (Sheehan's syndrome), leads to severe hormonal deficiencies. Early recognition and treatment are crucial for managing this potentially fatal condition.

Keywords:
Lactation failurePanhypopituitarismRecurrent hyponatremiaSecondary amenorrhea.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Reproductive Medicine

Background:

  • Pituitary insufficiency is an uncommon endocrine disorder.
  • Common causes include pituitary masses, inflammatory damage, and vascular injury.
  • Postpartum pituitary apoplexy (Sheehan's syndrome) is a significant cause of pituitary damage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the clinical course of panhypopituitarism in 15 female patients.
  • To highlight the importance of recognizing Sheehan's syndrome, a treatable condition.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of 15 female patients with panhypopituitarism.
  • Analysis of clinical presentation and history, with a focus on postpartum hemorrhage.

Main Results:

  • Most patients presented with panhypopituitarism following postpartum hemorrhage.
  • Clinical manifestations included hormonal deficiencies leading to amenorrhea, lactational failure, hyponatremia, hypoglycemia, and loss of secondary sexual characteristics.

Conclusions:

  • Sheehan's syndrome is a critical cause of hypopituitarism in women, often linked to postpartum hemorrhage.
  • Timely diagnosis and management of pituitary insufficiency are essential to prevent fatal outcomes.