Biomarkers detection with magnetoresistance-based sensors

Biosensing platforms for detecting and quantifying biomarkers have played an important role in the past decade. Among them, platforms based on magnetoresistance (MR) sensing technology are attractive. The resistance value of the material changes with the externally applied magnetic field is the core mechanism of MR sensing technology. A typical MR-based sensor has the characteristics of cost-effective, simple operation, high compactness, and high sensitivity. Moreover, using magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) as labels, MR-based sensors have the ability to overcome the high background noise of complex samples, so they are particularly suitable for point-of-care testing (POCT). However, the problem still exists. How to obtain high-throughput, that is, multiple detections of biomarkers in MR-based sensors, thereby improving detection efficiency and reducing the burden on patients is an important issue in future work. This paper reviews three MR-based detection technologies for the detection of biomarkers, i.e., anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR), giant magnetoresistance (GMR), and tunneling magnetoresistance (TMR). Based on these three common technologies, different typical applications that include biomedical diagnosis, food safety, and environmental monitoring are presented. Furthermore, the existing MR-based detection method is better expanded to make it more in line with present detection needs by combining different advanced technologies including microfluidics, Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), and Immunochromatographic test strips (ICTS). And then, a brief discussion of current challenges and perspectives of MR-based sensors are pointed out.