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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Real-time In Vitro Monitoring of Odorant Receptor Activation by an Odorant in the Vapor Phase
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A network model of affective odor perception.

Yingxuan Liu1, Alexander Toet1, Tanja Krone2

  • 1Perceptual and Cognitive Systems, TNO, Soesterberg, The Netherlands.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Odor perception depends on intensity and familiarity. Intensity impacts unpleasant odor appraisal, while familiarity influences pleasant odor appraisal, revealing key factors in how we experience smells.

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Area of Science:

  • Olfactory perception and affective science.

Background:

  • Odor appraisal is influenced by intensity, familiarity, detection threshold, and baseline affective state.
  • The precise relationships between these factors remain largely uncharacterized.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the complex relationships between odor characteristics and affective appraisal using network analysis.
  • To model how intensity, familiarity, detection threshold, and baseline affective state interact to shape odor perception.

Main Methods:

  • An observer experiment involving 52 participants who evaluated 40 diverse odors.
  • Measurement of odor intensity, familiarity, hedonic valence, arousal, baseline affective state (valence and arousal), and odor detection thresholds.
  • Network analysis applied separately to pleasant and unpleasant odor datasets.

Main Results:

  • Confirmed known relationships like familiarity with intensity and valence, and intensity with arousal and valence.
  • Identified novel relationships and differing polarities for factors like familiarity and arousal in pleasant odors.
  • Intensity significantly impacts unpleasant odor appraisal; familiarity is key for pleasant odors. Detection threshold is only influenced by baseline valence.

Conclusions:

  • This study provides a foundational network analysis of odor affective appraisal.
  • Intensity and familiarity play distinct, crucial roles in the appraisal of unpleasant and pleasant odors, respectively.
  • Future research should incorporate demographic and personality factors to further elucidate odor appraisal mechanisms.