Related Experiment Video
Updated: Dec 13, 2025
08:22
Measuring Cardiac Autonomic Nervous System ANS Activity in Toddlers - Resting and Developmental Challenges
Published on: February 25, 2016
15.8K
Development and Initial Validation of the Children's Hardiness Scale.
Fariba Soheili1, Simin Hosseinian1, Abbas Abdollahi1
1Department of Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, 48408Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran.
Psychological Reports
|August 1, 2020
Summary
This study developed and validated the Children's Hardiness Scale (CHS) for ages 10-12. The 20-item CHS effectively measures children's hardiness attitudes, showing reliability and construct validity.
Area of Science:
- Psychology
- Child Development
- Educational Psychology
Background:
- Hardiness assessment has focused on adults, leaving children's hardiness understudied.
- Existing measures do not adequately capture the nuances of hardiness in pre-adolescent populations.
Purpose of the Study:
- To develop and validate a reliable scale for assessing hardiness attitudes in children aged 10-12.
- To provide a psychometrically sound instrument for measuring children's hardiness.
Main Methods:
- A mixed-method approach was employed across two studies.
- Item generation involved deductive and inductive methods, followed by content and face validity assessments.
- Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to determine scale dimensionality and structure.
Main Results:
- The final 20-item Children's Hardiness Scale (CHS) comprises three subscales: commitment, control, and challenge.
- The CHS demonstrated acceptable internal consistency, reliability, and construct validity, evidenced by correlations with academic hardiness and perceived stress.
- A total of 641 children participated in the validation studies.
Conclusions:
- The 20-item CHS is a valid and reliable tool for evaluating hardiness attitudes in children aged 10-12.
- The scale aligns with established hardiness theory.
- Further research is recommended to explore the scale's applicability across diverse cultural contexts.
Related Concept Videos
01:30Socioemotional Development during Infancy
318
Socio-emotional development in infancy is primarily shaped by early emotional responses and social connections, with temperament playing a central role. Temperament refers to the consistent patterns in an individual's emotional and behavioral responses, observable even in infancy. By examining temperament, researchers can better understand an infant's unique ways of interacting with the world, influencing subsequent personality and socio-emotional growth.
Primary Temperament Types
Primary Temperament Types
318
01:18Sources of Self-Esteem I: Family Experience
118
Self-esteem, a crucial component of psychological development, is significantly shaped by familial experiences. The early parent-child relationship serves as a foundational influence on a child's self-concept, with long-lasting effects extending into adolescence and adulthood.Parental Behaviors and Early Self-Esteem FormationEmpirical studies have identified four principal parental behaviors that foster healthy self-esteem in children. These include expressions of acceptance, affection, and...
118
01:28Adler's Individual Psychology
2.0K
Alfred Adler, a prominent figure in psychology, founded the school of individual psychology. In contrast to Freud's emphasis on sexual or aggressive motives, Adler suggested that individuals are primarily motivated by their purposes and goals. He believed that people strive for perfection rather than pleasure. Adler argued that individuals could creatively act upon their genetic inheritance and environmental experiences to shape their own lives, emphasizing conscious motivation over...
2.0K
01:28Erikson's Theory on Socioemotional Development during Childhood
684
Erik Erikson, a stage theorist, adapted Freud's theory to emphasize social factors in personality development throughout life, a concept known as psychosocial development. Unlike Freud, who focused on early childhood, Erikson believed that personality evolves across eight life stages, each marked by a specific challenge or "crisis." Successful resolution of each stage fosters competence, while failure may lead to feelings of inadequacy.
The first four of Erikson's eight...
The first four of Erikson's eight...
684
03:00Self-Evaluation: Self-Enhancement and Self-Verification
5.6K
Social psychologists have documented that feeling good about ourselves and maintaining positive self-esteem is a powerful motivator of human behavior (Tavris & Aronson, 2008). In the United States, members of the predominant culture typically think very highly of themselves and view themselves as good people who are above average on many desirable traits (Ehrlinger, Gilovich, & Ross, 2005). Often, our behavior, attitudes, and beliefs are affected when we experience a threat to our...
5.6K
01:22Self-Report Tests of Personality
645
Self-report inventories are objective personality assessments that use multiple-choice items or numbered scales, typically ranging from 1 (strongly disagree) to 5 (strongly agree). They are often called Likert scales after Rensis Likert. These inventories are widely used due to their ease of administration and cost-effectiveness. One of the most prominent examples is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI), initially developed in the 1940s to assess abnormal personality traits.
645