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Related Concept Videos

Microtubules in Signaling01:22

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The primary cilium, made up of microtubules, acts as antennae on the cell surfaces for relaying external stimuli into the cells. These fine hair-like structures are present, generally one per cell. These are non-motile cilia in a 9+0 microtubules arrangement, where the central pair of microtubules are absent. The primary cilia arise from the basal body embedded in the cell membrane. Intraflagellar transport (IFT) carries requisite proteins from the cytoplasm to the cilium because the primary...
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The ciliary structures were first seen in 1647 by Antonie Leeuwenhoek while observing the protozoans. In lower organisms, these appendages are responsible for cell movement, while in higher organisms, these appendages help in the movement of the extracellular fluids within the body cavities.
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The cadherins are a superfamily of cell adhesion molecules comprising over 180 variants, with specific tissues expressing a particular combination of cadherin types. Cadherins generally exhibit homophilic binding; i.e., cadherins on one cell bind to cadherins of the same or closely related type on another cell. Thus, cells of the same type have a specific affinity to bind to each other and sort themselves into clusters to form tissues.
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Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia
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Using Primary Neurosphere Cultures to Study Primary Cilia

Published on: April 14, 2017

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Cilia, neural development and disease.

Sarah K Suciu1, Tamara Caspary2

  • 1Genetics and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, USA; Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, Georgia.

Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
|August 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The primary cilium is crucial for neural development, including cell specification and neuron connection. Cilia-associated diseases highlight their essential role in nervous system function.

Keywords:
AxonCiliaCiliopathyMicrotubuleNeurodevelopment

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Neural development involves intricate cellular events like specification, proliferation, migration, and neuronal projection.
  • Disruptions in these processes can lead to nervous system malformations and malfunctions.
  • The primary cilium, a cellular organelle, is increasingly recognized for its role in cellular signaling and development.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the critical role of the primary cilium in fundamental neurodevelopmental steps.
  • To highlight human diseases linked to cilia-associated proteins as evidence of cilia's importance in neural processes.
  • To explore potential underappreciated roles of cilia regulation, such as tubulin post-translational modifications, and extra-cilium functions of cilia-associated proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of primary cilium function in neurodevelopment.
  • Analysis of human genetic disorders associated with mutations in cilia-related proteins.
  • Discussion of current research on cilia regulation and protein localization.

Main Results:

  • Primary cilia are essential for multiple neural processes, including cell specification, migration, and axon/dendrite formation.
  • Mutations in cilia-associated proteins lead to various human neurological disorders, underscoring cilia's critical function.
  • Post-translational modifications of ciliary tubulin and extra-cilium functions of cilia proteins are areas requiring further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • The primary cilium plays an indispensable role in normal nervous system development.
  • Understanding cilia function and regulation is vital for addressing neurological disorders.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the complex mechanisms involving cilia in neurodevelopment.