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Related Concept Videos

Control Systems01:10

Control Systems

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Control systems are everywhere in contemporary society, influencing diverse applications from aerospace to automated manufacturing. These systems can be found naturally within biological processes, such as blood sugar regulation and heart rate adjustment in response to stress, as well as in man-made systems like elevators and automated vehicles. A control system is essentially a network of subsystems and processes that collaboratively convert specific inputs into desired outputs.
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Control Systems: Applications01:25

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Electrical engineering plays a pivotal role in our daily lives, with control systems at the heart of many applications, from home appliances to sophisticated space shuttles. Control systems manage and regulate the behavior of devices and processes, ensuring they function safely, correctly, and efficiently.
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PD Controller: Design01:26

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In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
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Control systems are foundational elements in automation and engineering. They are broadly categorized into open-loop and closed-loop systems. These classifications hinge on the presence or absence of feedback mechanisms, significantly influencing the system's performance, complexity, and application.
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Directional relays, essential for managing unidirectional fault currents, enhance the safety and efficiency of power systems. On power lines equipped with directional relays, faults downstream (to the right) of the current transformer typically cause the fault current to lag the bus voltage by approximately 90 degrees, known as the forward direction. In contrast, upstream (left-side) faults may result in the fault current leading the bus voltage by nearly 90 degrees, termed the reverse...
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Hierarchy of Motor Control01:18

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The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.
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A Flexible Platform for Monitoring Cerebellum-Dependent Sensory Associative Learning
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Flexible Coordinator and Switcher Hubs for Adaptive Task Control.

Carrisa V Cocuzza1,2, Takuya Ito3,2, Douglas Schultz3,4

  • 1Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102 carrisacocuzza@gmail.com.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience
|August 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cognitive control relies on two brain networks: the frontoparietal network (FPN) coordinates tasks, while the cingulo-opercular network (CON) switches resources. This reveals distinct roles in flexible cognition.

Keywords:
cognitive controlcognitive flexibilityexecutive functionnetwork dynamicsnetwork interactionstask representation.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Network Science

Background:

  • Cognitive control networks, including the frontoparietal network (FPN) and cingulo-opercular network (CON), support goal-directed cognition.
  • The FPN acts as a flexible hub, dynamically altering its global connectivity based on task demands.
  • Understanding the distinct dynamic properties of these networks is crucial for elucidating mechanisms of cognitive control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a functional cartography of cognitive control networks based on dynamic network properties.
  • To investigate the distinct roles of the FPN and CON in cognitive control using a high-demand task-switching paradigm.
  • To test the hypothesis that FPN and CON exhibit complementary dynamic mechanisms for cognitive control.

Main Methods:

  • Quantified dynamic network properties in human participants (male and female) during a cognitive task involving switching among 64 task sets.
  • Utilized network science tools to analyze functional connectivity (FC) patterns within and between the FPN and CON.
  • Examined task-dependent variations in network connectivity to characterize the roles of FPN and CON.

Main Results:

  • The FPN demonstrated flexible coordination, maintaining within-network connectivity while varying connections across tasks.
  • The CON exhibited flexible switching, with task-dependent disengagement of within-network connections to facilitate resource allocation.
  • A dissociation in dynamic properties was observed, with FPN acting as a coordinator and CON as a switcher.

Conclusions:

  • The FPN functions as a dynamic global coordinator, integrating goal-relevant information.
  • The CON acts as a flexible switcher, transiently reallocating processing resources to other networks.
  • These complementary network dynamics reveal distinct mechanisms underlying goal-directed cognition and cognitive flexibility.