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Related Concept Videos

Ribosome Profiling02:24

Ribosome Profiling

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Ribosome profiling or ribo-sequencing is a deep sequencing technique that produces a snapshot of active translation in a cell. It selectively sequences the mRNAs protected by ribosomes to get an insight into a cell’s translation landscape at any given point in time.
Applications of ribosome profiling
Ribosome profiling has many applications, including in vivo monitoring of translation inside a particular organ or tissue type and quantifying new protein synthesis levels.
The technique...
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Regulated mRNA Transport02:22

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In eukaryotes, transcription and translation are compartmentalized; an mRNA is first synthesized in the nucleus and then selectively transported to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis. Before transport, a pre-mRNA undergoes several steps of post-transcriptional modifications including splicing, 5' capping, and the addition of a poly-adenine tail. Various proteins bind to the pre-mRNA during these modifications. The mRNA transport takes place with the help of multiple proteins playing...
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What is Gene Expression?01:36

What is Gene Expression?

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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised  of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...
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What is Gene Expression?01:42

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Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
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Structure of a Gene01:30

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A gene is the fundamental unit of heredity. Every individual has two copies of each gene, one inherited from each parent. Although most people contain the same genes, there is a small fraction that is slightly different amongst people. A gene with a small difference in its sequence of DNA bases forms different alleles, contributing to different phenotypes.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Real-time Analysis of Transcription Factor Binding, Transcription, Translation, and Turnover to Display Global Events During Cellular Activation
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In-cell architecture of an actively transcribing-translating expressome.

Francis J O'Reilly1, Liang Xue2,3, Andrea Graziadei1

  • 1Bioanalytics Unit, Institute of Biotechnology, Technische Universität Berlin, 13355 Berlin, Germany.

Science (New York, N.Y.)
|August 1, 2020
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Summary

Researchers mapped the in-cell expressome architecture, revealing how RNA polymerase and ribosomes interact via NusA to couple transcription and translation. This complex requires both processes to remain active and assembled within the cell.

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Area of Science:

  • Structural biology
  • Molecular mechanisms
  • Cellular processes

Background:

  • Studying molecular machines in their native cellular environment is crucial for understanding their function.
  • Previous methods often lacked the resolution or context to visualize complex interactions within living cells.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and apply an integrative in-cell structural approach to determine the architecture of the bacterial expressome.
  • To visualize the spatial organization of transcription and translation machinery within a living cell at high resolution.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized the genome-reduced pathogen *Mycoplasma pneumoniae* as a model system.
  • Combined whole-cell cross-linking mass spectrometry (CL-MS) with cellular cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET).
  • Employed integrative modeling to reconstruct the in-cell expressome architecture.

Main Results:

  • Determined the subnanometer resolution in-cell architecture of the transcribing and translating expressome.
  • Identified the key components: RNA polymerase (RNAP), ribosome, and transcription elongation factors NusG and NusA.
  • Localized NusA at the interface between RNAP and the ribosome, suggesting its role in transcription-translation coupling.

Conclusions:

  • The active expressome architecture is maintained by the coordinated action of transcription and translation.
  • Disruption of translation leads to expressome dissociation.
  • Inhibition of transcription causes stalling and rearrangement of the expressome, highlighting the dynamic nature of this complex.