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ACE Inhibitor/Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Use Patterns in Advanced CKD and Risk of Kidney Failure and Death
Nayan Arora1, Ronit Katz1, Nisha Bansal1
1Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA.
Insights
Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors did not show differing risks for kidney failure or death in advanced chronic kidney disease (CKD). Further research is needed for optimal RAS inhibitor prescribing in late-stage CKD patients.
Area of Science:
- Nephrology
- Pharmacology
- Epidemiology
Background:
- Renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors are standard for early-to-moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD).
- Their efficacy in advanced CKD (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m² ) remains less understood.
- Understanding RAS inhibitor use patterns is crucial for managing advanced CKD.
Purpose of the Study:
- To examine patterns of RAS inhibitor use in patients with advanced CKD.
- To investigate the association between these patterns and the risk of CKD progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and all-cause mortality.
Main Methods:
- A propensity-matched cohort study of 678 participants with eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m² from the CRIC Study.
- Categorized participants into four RAS inhibitor use patterns: never, always, dynamic, and new users within the first year.
- Used Cox models to analyze the association between use patterns and risks for ESRD and mortality.
Main Results:
- 57% of participants were always users, 23% never users, 13% dynamic users, and 7% new users of RAS inhibitors.
- No significant differences in the risk of progression to ESRD were observed across the different RAS inhibitor use patterns.
- Similarly, no significant association was found between RAS inhibitor use patterns and all-cause mortality.
Conclusions:
- RAS inhibitor use is heterogeneous in patients with advanced CKD (eGFR < 30 mL/min/1.73 m²).
- Current patterns of RAS inhibitor use were not associated with differential risks for ESRD or mortality.
- Optimal prescribing strategies for RAS inhibitors in advanced CKD require further investigation.
Rationale & Objective:
The use of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) inhibitors is standard of care in people with early to moderate chronic kidney disease (CKD). Less is known regarding the efficacy of RAS inhibitors in very advanced CKD. In this study, we describe patterns of use of RAS inhibitors and associations of these patterns of use with risk for CKD progression and mortality in patients with advanced CKD.
Study Design:
Propensity-matched cohort study.
Settings & Participants:
We identified 678 participants who were enrolled in the multicenter Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort (CRIC) Study with estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFRs) < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 at the baseline visit.
Exposure:
Use of RAS inhibitors within the first year after the baseline visit, characterized by 4 patterns of use: never users, always users, dynamic users, and new users.
Outcomes:
Progression to end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and all-cause mortality.
Analytical Approach:
We generated propensity scores and matched participants in the always users group with a 1:1 ratio with a participant from the other 3 groups, matching by age, sex, race, diabetes, hypertension, systolic blood pressure, eGFR, urinary protein-creatinine ratio, and serum potassium level. Cox models were used to test the association of patterns of RAS inhibitor use with risk for kidney failure and death.
Results:
Of the 678 participants with eGFRs < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2, 57% were identified as always users of RAS inhibitors during the 1 year, 23% as never users, 13% as dynamic users, and 7% as new users. We found no differences in risk for ESRD across patterns of RAS inhibitor use (never users [HR, 1.09; 95% CI, 0.71-1.67], dynamic users [HR, 1.46; 95% CI, 0.83-2.55], new users [HR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.33-1.84] vs the always users reference group). Similarly, there was no association of patterns of RAS inhibitor use with death (never users [HR, 1.02; CI, 0.74-1.40], dynamic users [HR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.80-1.90], new users [HR, 1.10; 95% CI, 0.63-1.92] vs always users).
Limitations:
Observational study.
Conclusions:
Use of RAS inhibitors in patients with eGFRs < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 is heterogeneous..We found no difference in risk for progression to ESRD or mortality across patterns of RAS inhibitor use. Further research is required to identify optimal prescribing strategies of RAS inhibitors during advanced stages of CKD.
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