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Integration of Synaptic Events01:28

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Synaptic integration mainly includes the summation of graded potentials. Graded potentials, regardless of their type, cause subtle alterations in membrane voltage, resulting in either depolarization or hyperpolarization. These incremental changes, when combined or summed, can propel the neuron toward its threshold. Consider, for example, a membrane experiencing a +15 mV shift, causing it to depolarize from -70 mV to -55 mV. In this scenario, graded potentials govern the membrane's ability to...
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Postsynaptic potential (PSP) refers to a change in the electrical potential of a neuron when neurotransmitters released by presynaptic neurons bind to postsynaptic receptors. This potential can either be excitatory, leading to depolarization and ultimately action potential generation, or inhibitory, leading to hyperpolarization and suppression of the postsynaptic neuron.
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Parallel Processing01:20

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The brain processes sensory information rapidly due to parallel processing, which involves sending data across multiple neural pathways at the same time. This method allows the brain to manage various sensory qualities, such as shapes, colors, movements, and locations, all concurrently. For instance, when observing a forest landscape, the brain simultaneously processes the movement of leaves, the shapes of trees, the depth between them, and the various shades of green. This enables a quick and...
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Overview of Synapses01:25

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A synapse is a specialized structure where two neurons connect, allowing them to pass an electrical or chemical signal to another neuron. It is the point of communication between neurons. The term "synapse" is derived from the Greek word "synapsis," which means "conjunction." The entire process of neural communication revolves around the synapse. When activated, a neuron releases chemicals known as neurotransmitters into the synapse. These neurotransmitters cross the synapse and bind to...
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Neural Circuits01:25

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Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
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Electrical synapses found in all nervous systems play important and unique roles. In these synapses, the presynaptic and postsynaptic membranes are very close together (3.5 nm) and are actually physically connected by channel proteins forming gap junctions.
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Perspectives on Neuroscience
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Stimuli-Enabled Artificial Synapses for Neuromorphic Perception: Progress and Perspectives.

Xuan Pan1,2, Tengyu Jin2,3, Jing Gao2

  • 1SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, China.

Small (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)
|August 1, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review summarizes artificial synaptic devices that mimic brain functions. It details how various stimuli, like light and electric fields, influence synaptic plasticity, crucial for learning and memory in neuromorphic computing.

Keywords:
artificial synapsesneuromorphic perceptionswitching mechanisms

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience and Materials Science
  • Neuromorphic Engineering

Background:

  • Synaptic plasticity is key to brain learning and memory.
  • Understanding synaptic plasticity advances artificial neuromorphic devices.
  • Artificial synapses require understanding stimulus-induced plasticity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review state-of-the-art artificial synaptic devices.
  • To emphasize synaptic behaviors under diverse external stimuli.
  • To provide principles for designing multifunctional neuromorphic systems.

Main Methods:

  • Summarizing synaptic devices responding to electric fields, light, magnetic fields, pressure, and temperature.
  • Discussing switching mechanisms: ion migration, electron/hole transfer, phase transition, and redox-based switching.

Main Results:

  • Detailed analysis of synaptic device responses to multiple stimuli.
  • Elucidation of various underlying switching mechanisms.
  • Demonstration of stimuli-responsive synaptic behaviors.

Conclusions:

  • Comprehensive understanding of artificial synapse operating mechanisms.
  • Principles for designing multifunctional neuromorphic systems with parallel processing capabilities.
  • Highlighting the importance of multi-stimuli-enabled synapses for future computing.