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Epidemiology of invasive meningococcal disease in Cyprus 2004 to 2018
Maria Koliou1,2, Diamanto Kasapi1, Stella Mazeri3,4
1Medical School, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus.
Abstract:
BackgroundDespite progress in the management of invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) it causes significant mortality and sequelae.AimThis study aims to describe the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of IMD in Cyprus and discuss the current immunisation programmes.MethodsThis is a retrospective study of all cases of IMD notified to the Ministry of Health between 2004 and 2018. Demographic, epidemiological, clinical and microbiological data were collected when a new case was notified. Risk factors associated with mortality were investigated using univariable logistic regression.Results54 cases of IMD were recorded, an overall incidence of 0.4 cases per 100,000 population. The incidence rate was highest among infants (7.2/100,000) and adolescents (1.4/100,000). Case fatality rate was 10.4%. Serogroup B accounted for 24 of 40 cases caused by known serogroup. Serogroups W and Y comprised nine cases and were responsible for most fatal cases. Serogroup C was the cause in only four cases. There was an increase in the odds of death with increasing age, while the presence of meningitis in the clinical picture was found to be associated with lower odds of death.ConclusionDespite the low incidence of IMD in Cyprus, it remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality. Serogroup B is the most frequent serogroup, while incidence of serogroups W and Y is rising. Monitoring new cases and yearly evaluation of the immunisation programmes by the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) is essential for successful control of the disease.
Insights
Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) in Cyprus shows low incidence but significant mortality, with Serogroup B most common. Rising W and Y serogroups necessitate ongoing immunisation program evaluation.
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Invasive meningococcal disease (IMD) continues to cause significant mortality and long-term health issues despite advances in management.
- Understanding the specific epidemiological and clinical patterns of IMD is crucial for effective public health interventions.
Purpose of the Study:
- To detail the epidemiology and clinical features of IMD cases in Cyprus.
- To evaluate the current immunisation programs in relation to IMD trends.
Main Methods:
- A retrospective analysis of all notified IMD cases in Cyprus from 2004 to 2018.
- Collection of demographic, epidemiological, clinical, and microbiological data for each case.
- Univariable logistic regression was used to identify mortality risk factors.
Main Results:
- 54 IMD cases were recorded, with an overall incidence of 0.4 per 100,000 population.
- Infants and adolescents exhibited the highest incidence rates.
- The case fatality rate was 10.4%, with Serogroups W and Y being responsible for most fatal outcomes, despite Serogroup B being the most frequent overall.
Conclusions:
- IMD, while having a low incidence in Cyprus, remains a critical cause of illness and death.
- Serogroup B is predominant, but increasing incidence of Serogroups W and Y is noted.
- Continuous monitoring of IMD cases and regular assessment of immunisation strategies by the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group (NITAG) are vital for disease control.
