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Related Concept Videos

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure01:03

Olfactory Receptors: Location and Structure

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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Olfaction01:25

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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Physiology of Smell and Olfactory Pathway01:20

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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Exploring Olfactory Influences on Corticospinal Excitability - Insights and Innovations in Neurological Research
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Olfactory Fluctuation Revisited.

Julien W Hsieh1,2, Dimitrios Daskalou1, Valentine Detroux1

  • 1Rhinology-Olfactology Unit, Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Geneva University Hospitals, Geneva, Switzerland.

The Laryngoscope
|August 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Olfactory fluctuation (OF) is often linked to sinonasal disease and nasal symptoms. This study found OF is a valuable indicator for clinicians diagnosing olfactory dysfunction.

Keywords:
Fluctuationchronic rhinosinusitisolfactionolfactory dysfunctionsmell

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Neurology
  • Rhinology

Background:

  • Olfactory fluctuation (OF) is a common patient complaint.
  • Its association with sinonasal disease lacks robust data.
  • Understanding OF's predictors is crucial for diagnosing olfactory dysfunction.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify variables associated with OF.
  • To analyze OF's predictive value for sinonasal disease.
  • To enhance the diagnostic workup for olfactory dysfunction.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 482 patients with olfactory dysfunction.
  • Utilized structured questionnaires on symptoms and clinical data.
  • Included psychophysical testing (Sniffin' Sticks) and nasal endoscopy.

Main Results:

  • OF was significantly more prevalent in sinonasal disease (42.4%) than other causes.
  • OF strongly correlated with olfactory test scores and chronic nasal symptoms.
  • Predictive accuracy for sinonasal disease depended on clinical context.

Conclusions:

  • Olfactory fluctuation is primarily associated with sinonasal disease and nasal complaints.
  • Elevated olfactory test scores are linked to OF.
  • OF is a valuable clinical indicator for diagnosing olfactory dysfunction.