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Related Concept Videos

Halogens03:01

Halogens

22.7K
Group 17 elements, known as halogens, are nonmetals. At room temperature, fluorine and chlorine are gases, bromine is a liquid, and iodine a solid. Astatine is a highly unstable radioactive element, so currently, most of its properties are unknown due to its short half-life. Tennessine is a synthetic element also predicted to be in this group. 
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Halogenation of Alkenes02:46

Halogenation of Alkenes

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Halogenation is the addition of chlorine or bromine across the double bond in an alkene to yield a vicinal dihalide. The reaction occurs in the presence of inert and non-nucleophilic solvents, such as methylene chloride, chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride.
Consider the bromination of cyclopentene. Molecular bromine is polarized in the proximity of the π electrons of cyclopentene. An electrophilic bromine atom adds across the double bond, forming a cyclic bromonium ion intermediate.
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Alkyl Halides02:45

Alkyl Halides

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Structural Properties
Alkyl halides are halogen-substituted alkanes wherein one or more hydrogen atoms of an alkane is replaced by a halogen atom such as fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine. The carbon atom in an alkyl halide is bonded to the halogen atom, which is sp3-hybridized and exhibits a tetrahedral shape.
Unlike alkyl halides, compounds in which a halogen atom is bonded to an sp2 -hybridized carbon atom of a carbon-carbon double bond (C=C) are called vinyl halides. Whereas aryl...
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Teratogenicity01:07

Teratogenicity

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The ability of a drug to produce structural deformations and functional abnormalities in the developing embryo or the fetus is called teratogenicity, and the drug producing this effect is known as a teratogen. Teratogenic effects include stillbirth, miscarriage, intrauterine growth restriction, and neurocognitive delay. A teratogen may affect the embryo at different stages of development, which is important in determining the type and extent of the damage. During blastocyst formation, the early...
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Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
Air pollutants, primarily gases, pose significant threats to respiratory health, leading to conditions like hypoxia, lung cancer, and in extreme cases, death.
Environmental pollutants like...
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Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents01:27

Radical Substitution: Halogenation of Alkanes and Alkyl Substituents

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In the presence of heat or light, alkanes react with molecular halogens to form alkyl halides by a substitution reaction called radical halogenation. This reaction has three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination, as seen in the radical chlorination of methane to produce methyl chloride.
In the initiation step of the reaction, the chlorine molecule undergoes homolytic cleavage in the presence of light or heat, forming two highly reactive chlorine radicals. Propagation occurs in two...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device
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Halogenated Agent Delivery in Porcine Model of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome via an Intensive Care Unit Type Device

Published on: September 24, 2020

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Halogen exposure injury in the developing lung.

Dylan R Addis1,2,3, Adam Molyvdas1,2, Namasivayam Ambalavanan4

  • 1Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, the University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|August 2, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Neonatal mice exposed to bromine (Br2) show distinct injury mechanisms compared to adults. Understanding these differences is key to developing effective treatments for children exposed to halogens.

Keywords:
alveolar simplificationbrominebronchopulmonary dysplasiachlorinehalogen exposurelung developmentnewborn

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In Vitro Method to Control Concentrations of Halogenated Gases in Cultured Alveolar Epithelial Cells
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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Pediatric Medicine
  • Pulmonary Medicine

Background:

  • Industrial use of halogens like bromine (Br2) poses risks of accidental release.
  • Limited research exists on halogen toxicity mechanisms and treatments specific to newborns and children.
  • Neonatal halogen exposure models are crucial for understanding pediatric risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare bromine (Br2) exposure effects in neonatal mice with adult mice.
  • To contrast neonatal Br2 exposure findings with neonatal models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.
  • To identify unique mechanistic and functional features of neonatal halogen injury.

Main Methods:

  • Established a model of neonatal halogen (Br2) exposure in mice.
  • Compared findings from neonatal Br2-exposed mice with published adult Br2 data.
  • Contrasted neonatal Br2 findings with established neonatal murine models of bronchopulmonary dysplasia.

Main Results:

  • Neonatal and adult mice exposed to Br2 exhibit similarities in overall alveolar architecture.
  • Distinct functional and mechanistic differences characterize neonatal Br2 exposure injury.
  • Comparison with bronchopulmonary dysplasia models reveals specific injury patterns.

Conclusions:

  • Neonatal halogen exposure presents unique injury characteristics.
  • Understanding these specific mechanisms is vital for developing targeted countermeasures for pediatric populations.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate sex-specific differences in halogen toxicity.