Entrapping bupivacaine-loaded emulsions in a crosslinked-hydrogel increases anesthetic effect and duration in a rat...

The purpose of this research was to evaluate a novel long-acting bupivacaine delivery system for control of postoperative pain. Bupivacaine-loaded lipid emulsion (BLE) droplets were created by high-speed homogenization. The BLE droplets were then entrapped into a crosslinked-hyaluronic acid hydrogel system to create an injectable composite gel formulation (HA-BLE). Dynamic light scattering, rheological, and drug release techniques were used to characterize the formulations. A rat sciatic nerve block with a thermal nociceptive assay was used to evaluate the anesthetic effect in comparison to controls, bupivacaine HCl and liposomal bupivacaine. The BLE droplets had a zeta potential, droplet size, and polydispersity index of -40.8 ± 0.66 mV, 299 ± 1.77 nm, and 0.409 ± 0.037, respectively. The HA-BLE formulation could be injected through 25 g needles and had an elastic modulus of 372 ± 23.7 Pa. Approximately 80% and 100% of bupivacaine was released from the BLE and HA-BLE formulations by 20 and 68 h, respectively. The HA-BLE formulation had a 5-times greater anesthetic area under the curve and an anesthetic duration that was twice as long as controls. Results indicate that incorporating the BLEs into the hydrogel significantly increased anesthetic effect by protecting the BLE droplets from the in vivo environment.