Advanced Modeling Methods-Applications to Bone Fracture Mechanics

The goal of this review is to summarize recent advances in modeling of bone fracture using fracture mechanics-based approaches at multiple length scales spanning nano- to macroscale.

Despite the additional information that fracture mechanics-based models provide over strength-based ones, the application of this approach to assessing bone fracture is still somewhat limited. Macroscale fracture models of bone have demonstrated the potential of this approach in uncovering the contributions of geometry, material property variation, as well as loading mode and rate on whole bone fracture response. Cortical and cancellous microscale models of bone have advanced the understanding of individual contributions of microstructure, microarchitecture, local material properties, and material distribution on microscale fracture resistance of bone. Nano/submicroscale models have provided additional insight into the effect of specific changes in mineral, collagen, and non-collagenous proteins as well as their interaction on energy dissipation and fracture resistance at small length scales. Advanced modeling approaches based on fracture mechanics provide unique information about the underlying multiscale fracture mechanisms in bone and how these mechanisms are influenced by the structural and material constituents of bone at different length scales. Fracture mechanics-based modeling provides a powerful approach that complements experimental evaluations and advances the understanding of critical determinants of fracture risk.