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Related Concept Videos

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section01:21

Deformations in a Transverse Cross Section

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When a material is subjected to uniaxial stress, it elongates or contracts in the direction of the applied force, and also undergoes changes in the perpendicular directions. This behavior is crucial for understanding how materials behave under stress and is governed by mechanical properties such as Poisson's ratio v, which measures the ratio of transverse strain to axial strain.
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The vertebral column or spine is a flexible column that supports the head, neck, and body and  allows for their movements. It also protects the spinal cord.
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A typical vertebra, with the exception of the sacrum and coccyx, consists of a body, a vertebral arch, and seven different projections termed processes. The anterior portion of the vertebrae, the body, supports about half the body’s weight. The vertebral bodies progressively increase in size and thickness from the cervical region to the lumbar region of the vertebral column. The intervertebral discs present between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae firmly unites them, forming a continuous...
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In anatomy, several standard anatomical positions are used as references for describing the position and orientation of different body parts. These positions help provide a common frame of reference when discussing anatomical structures. The anatomical position is the standard reference point for describing the body's position and orientation. In this position:
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Errors in Taping01:18

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Errors in taping arise from multiple factors that can significantly impact measurement accuracy in surveying. Misalignment of the tape, often due to human error, is one primary source. A skilled rear tapeman, using a telescope, can help correct alignment by guiding the head tapeman; however, human limitations still lead to small inaccuracies. These errors may include misplacement of pins or inaccurate tape readings due to common visual confusions, such as mistaking a six for a nine. Such...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Evaluation of Patients' Posture and Gait Profile After Lumbar Fusion Surgery by Video Rasterstereography and Treadmill Gait Analysis
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A ToF-based system for recording human sagittal back shape.

Rongguo Yan1, Yuling Xu1, Hanwen Zhang1

  • 1School of Medical Instrument and Food Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China.

Technology and Health Care : Official Journal of the European Society for Engineering and Medicine
|August 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new time-of-flight (ToF) system non-invasively captures the human sagittal back shape (SBS), offering accurate and affordable spinal assessments. This technology aids in screening spinal health and informs custom design applications.

Keywords:
Spinal columndistance measurementsagittal back shapetime-of-flight sensor

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Human Biomechanics
  • Medical Imaging Technology

Background:

  • The human sagittal back shape (SBS) follows an s-shaped curve, mirroring internal spinal morphology.
  • Accurate measurement of SBS is crucial for understanding spinal health and related applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel, simple, inexpensive, and non-invasive time-of-flight (ToF) based system for recording the human SBS.
  • To assess the accuracy and feasibility of the proposed ToF system.

Main Methods:

  • The system comprises a base plate, upright post, vertical rod, multiple horizontal rods, and a ToF sensor.
  • The ToF sensor captures data to reconstruct the s-shaped sagittal back shape.

Main Results:

  • The developed ToF system successfully recorded the s-shaped SBS of the human body.
  • Experimental validation demonstrated satisfactory accuracy in SBS measurements.

Conclusions:

  • The ToF-based system provides a valuable tool for routine screening of spinal physiological conditions in educational settings.
  • Applications include digital garment design and specialized seat-back design, leveraging accurate SBS data.