Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia01:30

Negative and Cognitive Symptoms of Schizophrenia

300
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia indicate a reduction or absence of typical behaviors and emotional responses found in healthy individuals, while positive symptoms reflect an excess or distortion of normal functioning.
Negative Symptoms
Negative symptoms of schizophrenia manifest as deficits in normal emotional and behavioral functioning, profoundly impacting daily life. Individuals with schizophrenia often display a flat affect, characterized by a near-total absence of emotional expression,...
300
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:30

Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

387
Schizophrenia is a complex mental health disorder that can manifest with various positive symptoms, including thought, movement, and behavior disorders. These symptoms significantly disrupt cognitive and motor functions, leading to profound effects on an individual's ability to engage with the world.
Thought Disorders
Disorganized and unusual thought processes mark thought disorders in schizophrenia. One key feature is disorganized speech, where an individual's conversation includes...
387
Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions01:26

Positive Symptoms Schizophrenia: Hallucinations and Delusions

315
Schizophrenia is a complex psychiatric disorder characterized by a range of symptoms that significantly impact cognition, behavior, and emotional regulation. Among these, the positive symptoms stand out as they involve the addition or exaggeration of normal mental functions, deviating markedly from typical behavior and perception. Hallucinations and delusions are prominent positive symptoms, each profoundly affecting the individual's experience of reality.
Hallucinations
Hallucinations in...
315
Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy01:26

Psychosis: Goals of Pharmacotherapy

366
Antipsychotic drugs are a crucial treatment method for acute and chronic psychoses, bipolar illness, and behavioral disorders. The selection of these drugs depends on several factors, including the state of the disease, clinical judgment, possible drug interactions, and the patient's sensitivity to adverse effects. In immediate scenarios, such as delirium and dementia, short-term treatment with low doses of high-potency typical or atypical agents can effectively manage symptom exacerbation.
366
Schizophrenia01:17

Schizophrenia

589
Schizophrenia, a term introduced by Swiss psychiatrist Eugen Bleuler in 1911, describes a severe psychological disorder marked by profound disruptions in attention, thought processes, language, emotion, and interpersonal relationships. The core feature of schizophrenia is psychosis — a state characterized by a fundamental detachment from reality. This disconnection manifests through distorted logic, impaired perception, and atypical behavior, severely affecting the lives of those...
589
Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

18.7K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
18.7K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Peritraumatic reactions during sexual assault: associations with assault characteristics and mental health.

European journal of psychotraumatology·2026
Same author

Investigating the analytical robustness of the social and behavioural sciences.

Nature·2026
Same author

Do 9-month-old infants prefer prosocial others? Two conceptual replications and a meta-analysis of the Hamlin & Wynn box opening/closing paradigm.

Child development·2026
Same author

The Clinical Utility of Three-Dimensional Liver Modelling: A Multicenter Survey.

Journal of imaging informatics in medicine·2026
Same author

Measuring the semantic priming effect across many languages.

Nature human behaviour·2025
Same author

Crowdsourcing multiverse analyses to explore the impact of different data-processing and analysis decisions: A tutorial.

Psychological methods·2025
Same journal

Adverse and positive childhood experiences in relation to adolescent mental health: sequential indirect associations.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

Personality profiles and usage experience are associated with trust and dependence on generative AI: a latent profile analysis.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

Editorial: Promoting replicability: empowering method and applied researchers in driving reliable results.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

The mediating roles of the challenge appraisal in the relationship between the coach-athlete relationship and adolescent athletes' burnout.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

Unpacking GenAI-enabled deep learning engagement: role perceptions, human-GenAI synergy strategies, and underlying mechanisms.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
Same journal

Violence exposure and cyberbullying among Chinese adolescents: the mediating role of moral disengagement.

Frontiers in psychology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

18.9K

Objective Versus Subjective Effort in Schizophrenia.

Isabel Kreis1, Steffen Moritz2, Gerit Pfuhl1

  • 1Department of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT - The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway.

Frontiers in Psychology
|August 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with schizophrenia (SCZ) show reduced pupil dilation, indicating lower mental effort investment during cognitive tasks. This objective measure of effort may differ from subjective reports in SCZ patients.

Keywords:
digit spanmental effortmotivationpupillometryschizophreniatask load

More Related Videos

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

728
Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization
12:00

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Published on: November 19, 2014

13.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills
10:32

Development of a Virtual Reality Assessment of Everyday Living Skills

Published on: April 23, 2014

18.9K
Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
09:14

Exploring the Neural Correlates of Cognitive Reappraisal in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Using Task-based Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: March 14, 2025

728
Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization
12:00

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

Published on: November 19, 2014

13.2K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Cognitive task performance is often impaired in schizophrenia (SCZ).
  • Impairments may stem from cognitive deficits or reduced mental effort.
  • Measuring mental effort is challenging due to influencing factors like task load and motivation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate pupil dilation as an objective measure of mental effort in individuals with SCZ.
  • To assess the convergence of pupil dilation with self-reported effort and task demands.
  • To elucidate the relationship between objective and subjective effort measures in SCZ.

Main Methods:

  • A visual digit span task was used.
  • Participants included 29 individuals with SCZ and 30 healthy controls.
  • Pupil size was recorded during the task; self-reports were collected afterward.

Main Results:

  • No group differences in working memory capacity were found.
  • Individuals with SCZ exhibited reduced trial-by-trial recall accuracy.
  • SCZ group showed decreased pupil dilation and reported higher task demands.

Conclusions:

  • Results suggest reduced effort investment in individuals with SCZ.
  • The discrepancy between objective (pupil dilation) and subjective effort measures warrants further investigation.
  • Findings have implications for interpreting neuropsychological test results in SCZ.