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Related Concept Videos

Global Climate Change01:50

Global Climate Change

28.3K
Throughout its ~4.5 billion year history, the Earth has experienced periods of warming and cooling. However, the current drastic increase in global temperatures is well outside of the Earth’s cyclic norms, and evidence for human-caused global climate change is compelling. Paleoclimatology, the study of ancient climate conditions, provides ample evidence for human-caused global climate change by comparing recent conditions with those in the past.
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Clausius-Clapeyron Equation02:35

Clausius-Clapeyron Equation

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The equilibrium between a liquid and its vapor depends on the temperature of the system; a rise in temperature causes a corresponding rise in the vapor pressure of its liquid. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation gives the quantitative relation between a substance’s vapor pressure (P) and its temperature (T); it predicts the rate at which vapor pressure increases per unit increase in temperature.
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Isothermal Processes01:21

Isothermal Processes

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A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant temperature is called an isothermal process. Heat slowly flows into the system or out of the system to maintain thermal equilibrium. Processes involving phase changes like water evaporation into steam or freezing water into ice at a constant temperature are examples of Isothermal Processes.
An ideal gas can also undergo isothermal expansion or compression.
For example, consider 1 mole of an ideal gas inside an isolated cylinder at initial volume V...
4.6K
Isochoric and Isobaric Processes01:21

Isochoric and Isobaric Processes

4.0K
A thermodynamic process that occurs at constant volume is called an isochoric process. According to the first law of thermodynamics, heat supplied or removed from the system is partially utilized to perform work and change the internal energy of the system. However, in an isochoric process, the volume remains constant. Hence, the work done by the system is zero. Therefore, the exchange of heat changes the internal energy of the system only. 
Suppose 1000 g of water is heated from 40...
4.0K
Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions01:28

Magnetostatic Boundary Conditions

1.5K
An electric field suffers a discontinuity at a surface charge. Similarly, a magnetic field is discontinuous at a surface current. The perpendicular component of a magnetic field is continuous across the interface of two magnetic mediums. In contrast, its parallel component, perpendicular to the current, is discontinuous by the amount equal to the product of the vacuum permeability and the surface current. Like the scalar potential in electrostatics, the vector potential is also continuous...
1.5K
Variation of Atmospheric Pressure01:18

Variation of Atmospheric Pressure

3.8K
Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
Assuming the air temperature is constant at a given altitude and that the ideal gas law of thermodynamics describes the atmosphere to a good approximation, one can find the variation of atmospheric pressure with height.
Let p(y) be the atmospheric pressure at...
3.8K

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Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses
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Measuring Carbon-based Contaminant Mineralization Using Combined CO2 Flux and Radiocarbon Analyses

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Developments in the MPI-M Earth System Model version 1.2 (MPI-ESM1.2) and Its Response to Increasing CO2.

Thorsten Mauritsen1,2, Jürgen Bader1, Tobias Becker1

  • 1Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Hamburg Germany.

Journal of Advances in Modeling Earth Systems
|August 4, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The Max Planck Institute for Meteorology Earth System Model (MPI-ESM1.2) has been updated with improved physical processes and computational performance. This new version better represents climate dynamics and achieves a climate sensitivity of 2.77 K.

Keywords:
climate sensitivitycoupled climate modelmodel development

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Area of Science:

  • Earth System Science
  • Climate Modeling
  • Atmospheric Science

Background:

  • Previous versions of the MPI-ESM had coding errors and limitations in representing physical processes.
  • Improvements were needed in computational performance, versatility, and user-friendliness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a new release of the MPI-ESM (version 1.2).
  • To enhance the model's physical process representation, computational efficiency, and user experience.
  • To address high climate sensitivity and match observed warming trends.

Main Methods:

  • Corrected coding errors in cloud, convection, and turbulence parameterizations.
  • Introduced a multilayer soil hydrology scheme and extended land biogeochemistry to include nitrogen cycle.
  • Updated ocean biogeochemistry to prognostically represent cyanobacteria and improved detritus settling.
  • Incorporated instrumental record warming into the tuning process to address high climate sensitivity.

Main Results:

  • Achieved a climate sensitivity of 2.77 K for a doubling of CO2.
  • Successfully addressed high climate sensitivity issues related to tropical low-level clouds.
  • Maintained the nonlinear global mean response to CO2 forcing, representable by a two-layer model.

Conclusions:

  • The MPI-ESM1.2 offers improved accuracy and performance in climate modeling.
  • The model enhancements allow for a more realistic representation of climate change.
  • The tuning process successfully reconciled model behavior with observed warming trends.