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Related Concept Videos

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

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The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
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Role Of Notch Signalling In Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:12

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Notch signaling was first discovered in Drosophila melanogaster, where it is involved in cell lineage differentiation. Notch signaling regulates the maintenance and differentiation of intestinal stem cells or ISCs by controlling the expression of atonal homolog 1 or Atoh1. Atoh1 directs cells to differentiate into secretory cells.
Direct cell-to-cell contact is needed for the activation of Notch signaling. The signal is initiated when a notch ligand binds to a receptor on an adjacent cell, also...
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Adult Stem Cells01:33

Adult Stem Cells

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Stem cells are undifferentiated cells that divide and produce more stem cells or progenitor cells that differentiate into mature, specialized cell types. All the cells in the body are generated from stem cells in the early embryo, but small populations of stem cells are also present in many adult tissues including the bone marrow, brain, skin, and gut. These adult stem cells typically produce the various cell types found in that tissue—to replace cells that are damaged or to continuously...
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Role of Ephrin-Eph Signalling in Intestinal Stem Cell Renewal01:22

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Erythropoietin-producing hepatocellular carcinoma receptor (Eph) and its ligand, Eph receptor-interacting protein (Ephrin) were first discovered in the human carcinoma cell line, hence the name. Ephrin-Eph interaction guides cells to reach their appropriate location in adult tissues. They also play an essential role in the immune system by helping in immune cell migration, adhesion, and activation. Based on their structure and function, Eph is divided into two classes — EphA and EphB.
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Stem Cell Niche01:26

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The stem cell niche is the dynamic microenvironment where stem cells reside. Inside these niches, the cells may remain undifferentiated, undergo high self-renewal, or become lineage-specific progenitors. Stem cells coexist with other niche cells, such as stromal cells. They also interact closely with the ECM. Cell-cell and cell-matrix communication occur via adhesion molecules or soluble factors that signal the stem cells and determine their fate. Stromal cells also provide survival signals to...
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Distinctive Features of Adult Stem Cells vs Cancer Stem Cells01:18

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A stem cell is an unspecialized cell that can divide without limit as needed and can, under specific conditions, differentiate into specialized cells.
Adult stem cells
Adult stem cells are tissue-specific; hence, they divide to develop the tissue from which they originate. One type of adult stem cell is the epithelial stem cell, which gives rise to the keratinocytes in the multiple layers of epithelial cells in the epidermis of the skin. Adult bone marrow has three distinct types of stem cells:...
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Related Experiment Video

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Improved Swiss-rolling Technique for Intestinal Tissue Preparation for Immunohistochemical and Immunofluorescent Analyses
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Hallmarks of intestinal stem cells.

Anna Baulies1, Nikolaos Angelis1, Vivian S W Li2

  • 1Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.

Development (Cambridge, England)
|August 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) maintain gut lining renewal. This review updates ISC hallmarks, exploring how their state, signaling, epigenetics, and metabolism influence gut development and repair after injury.

Keywords:
DevelopmentEpigeneticIntestinal stem cellMetabolismPlasticitySignalling pathways

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Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology and Hepatology
  • Cell Biology
  • Developmental Biology

Background:

  • Intestinal stem cells (ISCs) are crucial for the continuous renewal of the intestinal epithelium.
  • Understanding ISC regulation is vital for comprehending gut development, regeneration, and diseases like bowel cancer and inflammatory bowel disease.
  • While ISC position and multipotency were previously emphasized, emerging evidence highlights distinct, potentially acquired, cellular states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To summarize recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms defining intestinal stem cell identity.
  • To propose an updated definition of the hallmarks of intestinal stem cells.
  • To discuss the contribution of these properties to intestinal development and injury-induced regeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive review of recent scientific literature on intestinal stem cell biology.
  • Analysis of findings related to proliferation state, signaling crosstalk, epigenetics, and metabolism in ISCs.
  • Synthesis of information to propose updated ISC hallmarks and their functional roles.

Main Results:

  • ISC identity is increasingly defined by dynamic properties beyond fixed position and multipotency.
  • Key factors influencing ISC state include proliferation status, intercellular signaling, epigenetic modifications, and metabolic pathways.
  • These dynamic properties are integral to normal intestinal development and the regenerative response following tissue injury.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal stem cell identity is more complex than previously understood, involving acquired cellular states.
  • An updated framework of ISC hallmarks, incorporating proliferation, signaling, epigenetics, and metabolism, is proposed.
  • Understanding these dynamic aspects of ISCs is critical for advancing research in gut health, disease, and regenerative medicine.