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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
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Infants' reasoning about samples generated by intentional versus non-intentional agents.

Elizabeth Attisano1, Stephanie Denison1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada.

Infancy : the Official Journal of the International Society on Infant Studies
|August 5, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Six-month-old infants infer intentional sampling based on goals, distinguishing human actions from mechanical ones. By 9.5 months, they expect mechanical devices to sample randomly, showing developing probabilistic reasoning.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Development
  • Developmental Psychology
  • Infant Cognition

Background:

  • Older children and infants demonstrate flexible sampling expectations, differentiating random from goal-directed sampling.
  • Probabilistic inference abilities emerge around 6 months of age, enabling early investigation of sampling assumptions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how 6- and 9.5-month-old infants use goal-directed action to reason about intentionally sampled outcomes.
  • To determine if infants differentiate between intentional (human) and unintentional (mechanical) agents in probabilistic inference tasks.

Main Methods:

  • Infants observed agents (human or mechanical claw) sampling objects from containers.
  • Researchers measured infants' expectations of sampling patterns based on agent type and inferred goals.

Main Results:

  • Six-month-old infants expected a human agent to sample according to a goal, but not a mechanical claw.
  • By 9.5 months, infants expected the mechanical claw to sample randomly, indicating developing understanding of non-intentional agents.

Conclusions:

  • Infants use goals to infer intentional sampling by 6 months of age under specific conditions.
  • Infants develop expectations about random sampling by mechanical devices by 9.5 months, demonstrating nuanced probabilistic reasoning.