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    Area of Science:

    • Remote Sensing
    • Optical Engineering
    • Geophysics

    Background:

    • Satellite imaging of Earth's curvature inherently causes image distortion and reduced spatial resolution at the field edges.
    • This distortion, analogous to barrel distortion in lenses, is a consequence of the Earth's convex shape, not the optical system itself.
    • Current image processing techniques cannot fully recover the lost spatial resolution caused by this effect.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate and quantify the negative distortion caused by imaging the curved Earth.
    • To propose and design an optical system capable of correcting this distortion.
    • To achieve constant spatial resolution in satellite imagery regardless of the field position.

    Main Methods:

    • Calculating the required positive distortion to counteract Earth's negative distortion based on field of view (FOV) and altitude.
    • Designing an off-axis, all-reflective optical system.
    • Simulating the optical performance of the designed system with specific parameters (f/2.5, 2.5 in. effective focal length, 70°×4° FOV, +13% distortion).

    Main Results:

    • The negative distortion from Earth's curvature is directly proportional to the FOV and altitude.
    • An optical design with +13% positive distortion was developed to optically correct for the Earth-induced negative distortion.
    • The proposed design enables a push-broom satellite sensor to maintain constant spatial resolution.

    Conclusions:

    • Optical correction of Earth-induced image distortion is feasible and superior to post-processing methods for preserving spatial resolution.
    • The designed all-reflective optical system with specific positive distortion characteristics can overcome the limitations of imaging the curved Earth.
    • This technology can significantly improve the quality and utility of satellite imagery for various applications.