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Vaccinations

Vaccinations

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

Cranial and Spinal Meninges

The cranial and spinal meninges are complex protective structures surrounding the central nervous system (CNS), consisting of the brain and spinal cord. These meninges consist of the dura mater, the arachnoid mater, and the pia mater. They protect the CNS, provide structural support, and aid in circulating cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Cranial Meninges
These meningeal layers cover the cranium. The dura mater is the outermost layer of cranial meninges. It is a thick and durable membrane of dense...

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Pneumonia IV: Management

The treatment of pneumonia varies based on its severity and the causative pathogen. Here is a structured approach to managing pneumonia, integrating pharmaceutical and supportive care strategies.
Bacterial Pneumonia Treatment
For bacterial pneumonia, antibiotics serve as the cornerstone of therapy. Initial treatment often begins with empirical antibiotics, tailored to the anticipated causative organism and adjusted based on culture results. Key antibiotic choices include:

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms in Medicine and Therapeutics

Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

Pneumonia V: Nursing management and Prevention

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Acute Pharyngitis

Acute Pharyngitis

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

Published on: November 5, 2019

An Update on Meningococcal Vaccination.

Joseph M Garland¹

¹Medical Director, The Infectious Diseases and Immunology Center at The Miriam Hospital, Providence, RI; Associate Professor of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI.

Rhode Island Medical Journal (2013)

|August 6, 2020

Summary

Meningococcal vaccines protect against severe meningitis caused by Neisseria meningitidis. Updated vaccination schedules are recommended for children, teens, and college students to prevent outbreaks.

Keywords:

Neisseria meningitidis conjugate meningococcal vaccination meningitis serogroup B meningitis vaccine serogroups ACWY

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Last Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Inducing Meningococcal Meningitis Serogroup C in Mice via Intracisternal Delivery

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Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

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Induction of Leptomeningeal Cells Modification Via Intracisternal Injection

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Published on: May 7, 2020

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Immunology
Public Health

Background:

Neisseria meningitidis causes life-threatening meningitis with severe sequelae.
Epidemic regions like Africa's meningitis belt have higher rates due to specific serogroups.
Serogroup B meningococcus is a primary cause of outbreaks in crowded US settings, such as college dormitories.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current meningococcal meningitis vaccines.
To provide guidance on vaccination schedules and usage for different populations.
To emphasize the importance of vaccination for preventing meningococcal disease.

Main Methods:

Literature review of meningococcal vaccines.
Analysis of vaccine efficacy and indications.
Summary of current vaccination recommendations.

Main Results:

Two conjugate vaccines against serogroups A, C, W, and Y are available for childhood vaccination and travelers.
Two brands of serogroup B meningococcal vaccines are now available for children and adolescents.
Vaccination with both ACWY and serogroup B vaccines is recommended for college-bound individuals.

Conclusions:

Comprehensive meningococcal vaccination is crucial for preventing meningitis.
Updated recommendations ensure protection against prevalent serogroups.
Vaccination strategies should be tailored to individual risk and regional epidemiology.