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Related Concept Videos

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis01:24

Diagnosing Acidosis and Alkalosis

895
Diagnosing acid-base imbalances involves systematically analyzing arterial blood samples, focusing on three key measurements: pH, bicarbonate (HCO3−) concentration, and carbon dioxide partial pressure (PCO2). This analysis follows a four-step process that helps identify the imbalance's underlying cause and nature.
First, the pH level is assessed to determine whether the blood pH is normal (7.35–7.45), low (acidosis), or high (alkalosis).
Next, the PCO2  and...
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Disorders of Acid-Base Balance01:29

Disorders of Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a precise pH range of arterial blood between 7.35 and 7.45. Deviations result in either acidosis (pH < 7.35) or alkalosis (pH > 7.45). These conditions are further classified as respiratory or metabolic disorders based on their underlying cause.
Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis occurs due to an increase in the partial pressure of carbon dioxide PCO2 in the blood. It often arises from shallow breathing or impaired gas exchange caused by...
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Acid-Base Balance01:25

Acid-Base Balance

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The human body maintains a narrow pH range regulated through acid-base balance. This balance is crucial as changes in the hydrogen ion concentration can disrupt cell membrane stability, alter protein structures, and change enzyme activities. The normal pH of arterial blood is 7.4, venous blood and interstitial fluid is 7.35, and intracellular fluid averages 7.0.
When the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, it results in a condition called alkalosis. Conversely, a drop below 7.35 leads to...
2.1K
pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

17.9K
Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
Respiratory...
17.9K
Acidity of Carboxylic Acids01:21

Acidity of Carboxylic Acids

8.4K
Carboxylic acids are the strongest organic acids. However, their acidic strength is much less than mineral acids like HCl. Carboxylic acids ionize in water and readily lose the hydroxyl proton to form a resonance-stabilized carboxylate ion.
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Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:58

Bronsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

102.0K
The acid-base reaction class has been studied for quite some time. In 1680, Robert Boyle reported traits of acid solutions that included their ability to dissolve many substances, to change the colors of certain natural dyes, and to lose these traits after coming in contact with alkali (base) solutions. In the eighteenth century, it was recognized that acids have a sour taste, react with limestone to liberate a gaseous substance (now known to be CO2), and interact with alkalis to form neutral...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 13, 2025

Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System
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Establishment of an Extracellular Acidic pH Culture System

Published on: November 19, 2017

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[An acidosis not so basic].

Bertrand Lefrère1, Emmanuelle Ecochard-Dugelay2, Alexis Mosca2

  • 1Laboratoire de biochimie-hormonologie, Centre hospitalo-universitaire Robert-Debré, AP-HP, Paris, France.

Annales De Biologie Clinique
|August 6, 2020
PubMed
Summary

A child with short bowel syndrome developed unexplained metabolic acidosis. Urinary organic acid analysis revealed D-lactic acidosis, a rare condition often missed by standard blood tests.

Keywords:
D-lactic acidosisorganic acids chromatographyshort-bowel syndromesterospecificity

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Last Updated: Dec 13, 2025

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatric Critical Care Medicine
  • Clinical Chemistry
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Short bowel syndrome (SBS) in children can lead to complex metabolic disturbances.
  • Metabolic acidosis with an increased anion gap is a critical condition requiring prompt diagnosis.

Observation:

  • A four-year-old girl with SBS presented with coma and metabolic acidosis of unknown etiology.
  • Initial blood tests did not reveal elevated lactate levels, complicating the diagnosis.

Findings:

  • Urinary organic acid analysis using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) detected significantly elevated D-lactate.
  • This finding, alongside clinical context, indicated D-lactic acidosis, distinct from L-lactic acidosis detected by enzymatic assays.

Implications:

  • This case underscores the diagnostic limitations of enzymatic lactate assays, which are stereospecific for L-lactate.
  • Urgent urinary organic acid profiling is crucial for diagnosing unexplained increased anion gap metabolic acidosis, particularly D-lactic acidosis in SBS patients.