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Protocol development for real-time ship fuel sulfur content determination using drone based plume sniffing

Abhishek Anand1, Peng Wei1, Nirmal Kumar Gali1

  • 1Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.

The Science of the Total Environment
|August 7, 2020
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Summary

A new unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne microsensor system (MSS) accurately measures ship emissions, enabling real-time monitoring of fuel sulfur content (FSC) to enforce air pollution regulations.

Keywords:
Fuel sulfur contentMicrosensor systemOcean going vesselsSulfur dioxideUnmanned aerial vehicle

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science and Engineering
  • Atmospheric Chemistry
  • Remote Sensing

Background:

  • Maritime shipping significantly contributes to air pollution in coastal cities, primarily through sulfur dioxide (SO2) emissions from high fuel sulfur content (FSC) bunker oil used by ocean-going vessels (OGVs).
  • Existing regulations aim to reduce SO2 emissions by capping FSC, but effective enforcement is hindered by a lack of efficient screening tools for non-compliant vessels.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a lightweight, unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV)-borne microsensor system (MSS) for real-time measurement of ship emissions.
  • To assess the system's capability in determining fuel sulfur content (FSC) for regulatory enforcement.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a 750 g UAV-borne MSS capable of measuring SO2, NO2, NO, CO2, CO, and particulate matter in real-time.
  • Extensive laboratory and field experiments to evaluate sensor performance, including cross-sensitivity and meteorological effects.
  • Formulation of an SO2 to CO2 concentration ratio-based FSC expression and investigation of plume dilution impacts on measurement accuracy.

Main Results:

  • The UAV-borne MSS demonstrated robust performance in measuring various ship plume gases and particulate matter.
  • The study successfully correlated SO2/CO2 ratios with FSC, aligning with EU regulations.
  • Accuracy of FSC determination was assessed under varying plume dilution conditions at safe distances from vessels.

Conclusions:

  • The developed UAV-borne sensor system is a robust tool for ship emission 'sniffing' and effective FSC determination.
  • This technology provides a foundation for a framework to enhance the enforcement of maritime emission control regulations.