Diagrammatic scale for quantifying severity of brown leaf spot on Carya illinoinensis

Brown leaf spot disease, caused by the fungus Ragnhildiana diffusa, is responsible for losses in pecan orchards and quantification is essential in order to conduct epidemiological studies to establish levels of productivity losses, and assess control strategies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to develop and validate a diagrammatic scale for assessing the severity of brown leaf spot in pecan. 240 symptomatic leaflets were collected from adult trees in Anta Gorda, in the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, and used to assess the current percentage severity of the disease. The scale was based on the minimum and maximum observed severity of the disease, with six graduations defined according to the Weber-Fechner Visual Stimulus Law. The scale therefore consisted of eight levels (1.5, 4.6, 10.6, 17.3, 39.5, 65.1, 77.5, and 98%). The estimates of eight evaluators provided a basis for validating the scale. They made estimates of disease severity on 40 symptomatic digitalized pecan leaflets first, without using the scale and then referring to it. The scale provided greater precision, accuracy, and reproducibility of estimates and should result in more reliable epidemiological studies.