Multimodality approach to the nipple-areolar complex: a pictorial review and diagnostic algorithm

Area of Science:

• Radiology
• Breast Imaging
• Pathology

Background:

• The nipple-areolar complex possesses unique anatomical and histological features.
• Abnormal development and diverse pathologies affect the nipple-areolar complex, often with non-specific presentations.
• Radiological interpretation of nipple-areolar complex conditions can be challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

• To provide a comprehensive overview of imaging modalities for the nipple-areolar complex.
• To detail the advantages and limitations of various imaging techniques.
• To describe normal morphology and pathological findings, including developmental abnormalities, benign, and malignant diseases.

Main Methods:

• Review of clinical and radiological approaches to nipple-areolar complex evaluation.
• Emphasis on multimodal imaging strategies.
• Presentation of a diagnostic algorithm for rapid assessment.

Main Results:

• Discussion of imaging techniques, their acquisition, and limitations.
• Illustration of findings for normal anatomy and various pathological conditions.
• Introduction of a practical diagnostic algorithm.

Conclusions:

• A multimodal imaging approach is crucial for evaluating the nipple-areolar complex.
• Understanding specific imaging techniques and findings aids in diagnosing complex conditions.
• The proposed algorithm facilitates efficient and accurate diagnosis of nipple-areolar complex diseases.