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Opioid Use in Athletes: A Systematic Review
Seper Ekhtiari1, Ibrahim Yusuf1, Yosra AlMakadma1
1Faculty of Health Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
Sports Health
|August 8, 2020
Summary
Opioid use is common in athletes, including high schoolers, and predict future use. Risk factors include contact sports and race, highlighting a need for further research.
Area of Science:
- Sports Medicine
- Public Health
- Epidemiology
Background:
- The opioid epidemic is a significant public health concern, yet data on opioid use and misuse within the athletic population is scarce.
- Understanding opioid prevalence in athletes is crucial due to potential unique risk factors and consequences.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the rates of opioid use and misuse among athletes.
- To compare opioid use rates between athletes and the nonathletic population.
- To identify specific athletic subgroups at higher risk for opioid use.
Main Methods:
- A systematic review of studies was conducted using Embase, MEDLINE, and PubMed.
- Eleven studies encompassing survey and retrospective observational designs were included.
- Data on opioid use rates, types, patterns, and predictors were extracted and analyzed.
Main Results:
- Opioid use rates varied: 4.4%-4.7% for professional athletes at any given time, 52% over a National Football League career, and 28%-46% lifetime use for high school athletes.
- Risk factors included Caucasian race, participation in contact sports (hockey, football, wrestling), postretirement unemployment, and undiagnosed concussion.
- Opioid use during an athletic career was a predictor of postretirement opioid use.
Conclusions:
- Opioid use is prevalent across all levels of athletes, from high school to professional.
- Opioid use during an athletic career significantly predicts postretirement use.
- Higher quality observational studies are necessary to further elucidate opioid use patterns in athletes.
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