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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Standardized Model of Ventricular Fibrillation and Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Swine
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Invasive mechanical ventilation using a bilevel PAP ST device in a healthy swine model.

Brian E Foster1, Montserrat Diaz-Abad2, Arlene J Hudson3

  • 1Department of Medicine, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, USA. Brian.E.Foster7.mil@mail.mil.

Sleep & Breathing = Schlaf & Atmung
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Summary

Bilevel positive airway pressure (PAP) ST devices effectively provided invasive ventilation in a swine model, controlling oxygenation and ventilation. These devices may serve as an alternative during ventilator shortages, like those seen in the COVID-19 pandemic.

Keywords:
AnimalBilevel positive airway pressureContinuous positive airway pressureCoronavirusMechanicalModelsRespiratory mechanicsVentilators

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Area of Science:

  • Respiratory Medicine
  • Medical Devices
  • Critical Care

Background:

  • The COVID-19 pandemic highlighted potential ventilator shortages.
  • Standard bilevel positive airway pressure spontaneous and timed (PAP ST) devices are typically noninvasive.
  • Limited evidence exists on their use for invasive ventilation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of bilevel PAP ST devices for invasive ventilation.
  • To assess their ability to manage gas exchange in a healthy swine model.

Main Methods:

  • Two bilevel PAP ST devices were tested on intubated swine.
  • Single limb respiratory circuits with filtered exhalation were used.
  • Performance was compared to an anesthesia ventilator.

Main Results:

  • Both bilevel PAP ST devices effectively controlled minute ventilation and oxygenation.
  • No significant rebreathing was observed.
  • Differences in performance between the two devices were noted.

Conclusions:

  • Commercially available bilevel PAP ST devices can provide effective invasive ventilation in a swine model.
  • They offer a potential alternative during ventilator shortages.
  • Further clinical studies are needed to assess safety and efficacy.