Genomics to accelerate genetic improvement in tilapia.

Area of Science:

• Aquaculture
• Animal Breeding
• Genomics

Background:

• Tilapia is a globally significant farmed freshwater species, with selective breeding initiated in the early 1990s.
• Despite available genome assemblies since 2011, the industry largely relies on classical selection methods for growth traits, achieving up to 20% genetic gain per generation.
• Recent advancements involve international collaborations, leading to rapid development and application of genomic resources.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the progress and future directions in tilapia selective breeding.
• To highlight the role of genomic tools in understanding genetic architecture and accelerating genetic gain.
• To identify key technologies for future improvements in tilapia aquaculture.

Main Methods:

• Review of selective breeding practices and genomic resource development in tilapia.
• Discussion of the application of Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) and genomic selection.
• Exploration of emerging technologies such as phenomics, low-cost sequencing, functional genomics, and gene editing.

Main Results:

• Classical selection has yielded significant genetic gains in tilapia growth traits.
• Genomic selection is poised to increase genetic gain and uncover genetic variants for economically relevant traits.
• Future developments are expected to focus on complex trait genetic architecture and trait improvement.

Conclusions:

• Genomic tools and advanced technologies are crucial for the next phase of tilapia selective breeding.
• Continued research into genetic architecture and application of novel techniques will enhance growth, quality, and robustness.
• The integration of phenomics, advanced sequencing, functional genomics, and gene editing will drive future improvements in tilapia aquaculture.