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Enteroviruses in gastrointestinal diseases
1Department of Biology, SRM University, Amaravati, India.
Insights
Enteroviruses are increasingly recognized as significant causes of infant diarrhea, contributing to a substantial burden of gastrointestinal disease. Further research and targeted strategies are needed to address this global health challenge.
Area of Science:
- Gastroenterology
- Virology
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Diarrheal diseases cause significant infant morbidity and mortality globally, particularly in developing nations.
- Despite advances, 30-40% of diarrheal cases remain undiagnosed, highlighting the need to identify novel pathogens.
- Enteroviruses are known to transmit via the fecal-oral route and infect intestinal cells.
Purpose of the Study:
- To emphasize the importance of recognizing enteroviruses as major gastrointestinal pathogens.
- To highlight the association of enteroviruses with acute and persistent diarrhea in all age groups.
- To validate the causative role of enteroviruses in human diarrhea using Koch's postulates.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing studies on enteroviruses and gastrointestinal diseases.
- Analysis of recent research demonstrating enteroviruses causing diarrhea in newborn mice.
- Systematic evaluation of the evidence supporting enteroviruses as diarrheal agents.
Main Results:
- Enteroviruses have been associated with diarrhea in some studies, but their role was not systematically proven.
- Recent studies, including those in mice, provide evidence validating Koch's postulates for enteroviruses.
- Enteroviruses are implicated in acute and persistent diarrhea and non-diarrheal bowel changes.
Conclusions:
- Enteroviruses should be recognized as significant gastrointestinal pathogens responsible for diarrhea.
- Understanding the role of enteroviruses can lead to improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
- Addressing the burden of enterovirus-associated gastrointestinal disease is crucial for public health.
Abstract:
Gastrointestinal diseases including diarrhoea constitute a major cause of morbidity and mortality in infants and young children especially in developing countries. Worldwide deaths among all ages due to diarrhoea during 2015 were estimated to be about 1.31 million, diarrhoeal deaths in children below 5 years of age being 499 000. Rotavirus accounted for about 200 000 deaths. Although diarrhoeal deaths decreased significantly during the last two decades, they still represent the third largest cause of infantile deaths. Several bacterial, viral, parasitic, fungal and non-infectious diarrhoea causing agents have been identified, but 30% to 40% of diarrhoeal cases remain undiagnosed. Enteroviruses transmit by the faecal-oral route and replicate first in intestinal cells before spreading to the target organ. They have been associated with diarrhoea in a few studies, but their causative role in diarrhoea in humans has not been systematically demonstrated. In view of the recent demonstration that enteroviruses cause diarrhoea in newborn mice pups, thus validating Koch's postulates, the purpose of this review is to emphasise the importance of recognising enteroviruses as major gastrointestinal pathogens associated with acute and persistent diarrhoea and non-diarrhoeal increased frequency of bowel movements in infants, young children and adults. Our studies and several other subsequent studies reported from different countries should stimulate strategies to reduce the burden of infantile gastrointestinal disease, which has hitherto remained unaddressed.
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