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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
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Episodic Memory and Verbal Fluency Tasks: Normative Data from Nine Nationally Representative Samples.

Elvira Lara1,2,3, Marta Miret1,2,3, Albert Sanchez-Niubo3,4

  • 1Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitario de La Princesa, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa (IIS-Princesa), Madrid, Spain.

Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society : JINS
|August 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study created country-specific cognitive norms for middle-aged and older adults using data from nine countries. Age and education significantly impact memory and fluency, informing global cognitive assessments.

Keywords:
AssessmentCognitionElderly/AgingNeuropsychologyNorms/Normative studiesPopulation-based study

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Cognitive norms are essential for accurate assessment of middle-aged and older adults.
  • Existing cognitive norms are often limited, especially in low- and middle-income countries.
  • This study addresses the need for diverse, representative cognitive data.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To generate country-specific norms for episodic memory and verbal fluency tests.
  • To establish regression-based norms adjusted for demographic factors.
  • To provide valuable data for researchers and clinicians globally.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of nationally representative data from 42,116 individuals aged 50+ across nine countries.
  • Assessment of episodic memory via word list learning (immediate and delayed recall).
  • Measurement of verbal fluency using the animal naming task, with regression models applied.

Main Results:

  • Cognitive performance was significantly influenced by age and education levels.
  • Effects of sex and residential area on cognitive function varied across countries and tasks.
  • Norms were developed accounting for age, sex, education, and residential area.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides comprehensive, regression-based cognitive norms from a large international sample.
  • These norms are crucial for accurate cognitive assessment in diverse populations.
  • Findings support improved clinical and research applications, particularly where local norms are scarce.