Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Psychometric evaluation of the SPEED questionnaire: Factor structure and measurement invariance across contact lens wearers and non-wearers, sex and age.

The ocular surface·2026
Same author

Oculomotor Training Improves Reading and Associated Cognitive Functions in Children with Learning Difficulties: A Pilot Study.

Vision (Basel, Switzerland)·2025
Same author

Percentile Distribution of Habitual-Correction Visual Acuity in a Sample of 1500 Children Aged 5 to 15 Years in Italy.

Pediatric reports·2025
Same author

Acquired crowding dyslexia: A peripheral reading deficit other than neglect dyslexia.

Neuropsychology·2025
Same author

Eye movement abnormalities in normal pressure hydrocephalus: a video-oculographic study.

Journal of neurology·2025
Same author

Eye movement abnormalities in Parkinson's disease motor subtypes: a video-oculographic study.

Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
05:14

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

466

Comparison, within-session repeatability and normative data of three phoria tests.

Alessio Facchin1, Silvio Maffioletti2

  • 1IRSOO - Institute of Research and Studies in Optics and Optometry, Vinci, Italy; COMIB, Center of Research in Optics and Optometry, University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy.

Journal of Optometry
|August 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study assessed the within-session repeatability and agreement of three phoria measurement techniques. Modified Thorington (MT) and Thornton (TH) tests showed high agreement, unlike the von Graefe (VG) method.

Keywords:
ComparisonMeasurementMethodPhoriaRepeatability

More Related Videos

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia
06:19

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia

Published on: September 27, 2024

443
A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter
05:14

Comparison of Agreement and Accuracy using Binocular Wavefront Optometer with Autorefractor and Phoropter

Published on: September 16, 2025

466
Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia
06:19

Comparison of Three Clinical Stereoscopic Methods for Measuring Binocular Visual Function During Amblyopic Treatment in Unilateral Amblyopia

Published on: September 27, 2024

443
A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments
08:12

A Psychophysics Paradigm for the Collection and Analysis of Similarity Judgments

Published on: March 1, 2022

2.8K

Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Optometry
  • Vision Science

Background:

  • Phoria measurement is crucial for assessing binocular vision.
  • Previous studies focused on between-session repeatability, neglecting within-session variability.
  • Normative data for phoria tests are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the short-term, within-session repeatability of three phoria measurement methods.
  • To compare the agreement and delineate normative data for these tests.
  • To identify the most reliable method for clinical use.

Main Methods:

  • 315 participants with normal binocular vision (ages 20-80) were included.
  • Phoria was measured using von Graefe (VG), modified Thorington (MT), and Thornton (TH) tests.
  • Each test was performed three consecutive times for both far and near viewing distances.

Main Results:

  • High within-session repeatability was observed for all tests (0.87–0.96).
  • Moderate agreement was found between the tests (0.407–0.682).
  • MT and TH demonstrated the best agreement (LoA = 2.33 far, 4.44 near), with VG showing more exophoric values, especially at near.

Conclusions:

  • Modified Thorington (MT) and Thornton (TH) tests exhibit high agreement and are recommended for subjective phoria quantification.
  • The von Graefe (VG) test showed greater exophoric shifts and wider limits of agreement.
  • Updated normative data were provided for non-presbyopic individuals using MT and TH techniques.