Comparing root concentration factors of antibiotics for lettuce (Lactuca sativa) measured in rhizosphere and bulk...

Plant uptake of antibiotics raises serious food safety concerns. Measurements and predictions of antibiotic uptake by plants are often based on root concentration factors (RCF) determined using antibiotic concentrations in bulk soil (RCF_bs) rather than in rhizosphere soil (RCF_rs) where root uptake actually occurs. This study investigated the fate and transport of nine antibiotics in the continuum of bulk soil, rhizosphere soil, roots and shoots of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) under soil-surface irrigation. Antibiotic concentrations in the lettuce shoots remained unchanged during 25-35 days after seedling transplantation. Compared with the RCF_rs values, the RCF_bs values were significantly greater for ciprofloxacin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, sulfamethoxazole, and tetracycline (p < 0.05), similar for trimethoprim and tylosin, but significantly lower for monensin (p < 0.05). Ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim, and tylosin had the lowest translocation factors (TF) ranging between 0.03 and 0.05, suggesting their limited upward transport to the lettuce shoots. Oxytetracycline, monensin, and sulfamethoxazole had intermediate TF values of 0.36-0.64, whereas lincomycin had the highest TF value of 1.46. This study showed significant differences between RCF_bs and RCF_rs values, suggesting the need to reassess the utility of RCF_bs in predicting the antibiotic root uptake in diverse soil-plant systems.