Effects of rainfall on surface environment and morphological characteristics in the Loess Plateau

Slope failure is a one of major process that causes severe landform variation and environment variation, and slope failure has become a major hidden danger to human settlement and urban construction in this vast loess region. The physical model of slope failure as induced by artificial rainfall was constructed in the field, and monitored the pore water pressure (PWP), earth stress (ES), volumetric water content (VWC), electrical conductivity (EC), and temperature (T) of the soil using this physical simulation. The surface morphology of slope started to occur in the slope as a result of erosion caused by rainfall and rainwater infiltration at the beginning of the experiment; concurrently, PWP, ES, VWC, and EC were increased gradually. Meanwhile, the saturated weight of the soil rose. In the middle of the experiment, PWP, ES, VWC, and EC were increased rapidly as the artificial rainfall continued, and the ratio of soil pore the soil fell. The slope landform was obviously occurred during the experiment, when it was noted that PWP, ES, VWC, and EC of the soil rapidly decreased. Afterwards, slope failure evolved into a debris flow; eventually, the landform was entirely changed in the slope. The soil became more compact toward the end of the experiment, and PWP, ES, VWC, and EC were slowly increased; these factors indicated that the loess slope was temporarily stable. This study could potentially be used to provide the relevant parameters for numerical simulations of landform variation in loess regions, and provide reference for regional land use planning and environmental development.