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Related Concept Videos

Autophagy01:27

Autophagy

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Autophagy is a self-digesting process by which a cell protects itself from threats both within and outside the cell, ranging from abnormal proteins to invading bacteria. In this process, obsolete components of the cell and invading microbes are degraded by hydrolytic enzymes active in an acidic environment of the lysosomal lumen.
An autophagic pathway consists of a series of signaling events activated in response to diverse stress and physiological conditions such as food deprivation,...
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Delivery Pathways to the Lysosome01:36

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Eukaryotic cells use different mechanisms to eliminate toxic waste obsolete and worn-out substances. Lysosomes play a pivotal role in this, and hence, these substances are carried to the lysosome from other parts of the cell and extracellular space through different pathways. The most elaborately studied pathways to the lysosome are the endocytic pathways.
Endocytosis
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Autophagic Cell Death01:18

Autophagic Cell Death

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Christian de Duve discovered “autophagy,” a process in which cellular components are engulfed by membrane-bound organelles called autophagosomes. The autophagosomes then fuse with lysosomes to digest the enclosed contents. Autophagy is generally activated in cells to prevent cell death. However, cell death is triggered when the damage is beyond repair.
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Phagocytosis of Apoptotic Cells01:17

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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
The mTOR pathway or the...
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FOXO1 Inhibition and FADD Knockdown Have Opposing Effects on Anticancer Drug-Induced Cytotoxicity and p21 Expression in Osteosarcoma Cells.

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Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro
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Cytotoxic Efficacy of Photodynamic Therapy in Osteosarcoma Cells In Vitro

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Autophagy in Osteosarcoma.

Grace Nehme1, Nancy Gordon2

  • 1Department of Pediatric Research, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.

Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology
|August 9, 2020
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chemotherapy resistance in osteosarcoma (OS) is a major challenge. Autophagy, a cellular process, plays a complex role in OS treatment, potentially impacting survival outcomes.

Keywords:
AutophagyChemotherapyDeathOsteosarcomaSurvival

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Intratibial Osteosarcoma Cell Injection to Generate Orthotopic Osteosarcoma and Lung Metastasis Mouse Models
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Osteosarcoma (OS) treatment remains challenging, with standard chemotherapy failing to improve survival over three decades.
  • Chemotherapy resistance is a significant clinical concern in OS management.
  • Autophagy is increasingly recognized as a survival mechanism contributing to chemotherapy resistance in various cancers, including OS.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanisms of autophagy in osteosarcoma.
  • To review recent research on autophagy's role in OS and chemotherapy resistance.
  • To discuss the challenges associated with current autophagy inhibitors in OS treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on autophagy mechanisms in cancer.
  • Summary of recent experimental findings on autophagy induction by chemotherapy in OS.
  • Analysis of the context-dependent nature of autophagy in OS survival.

Main Results:

  • Chemotherapy has been shown to induce autophagy in osteosarcoma.
  • The precise role of autophagy (survival vs. death) in OS is context-dependent and not fully understood.
  • A specific biomarker to predict autophagy's outcome in OS is currently lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Autophagy is a critical, context-dependent process in osteosarcoma with implications for chemotherapy resistance.
  • Further research is needed to understand autophagy's dual role and develop effective therapeutic strategies.
  • Challenges exist in utilizing autophagy inhibitors due to their complex effects and lack of predictive biomarkers.