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Risk and enabling environments in sport: Systematic doping as harm reduction.

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Understanding doping and performance-enhancing drug (PED) use in sports requires analyzing risk and enabling environments. Systematic doping systems protected athletes from anti-doping policies but exposed them to harm when revealed.

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Area of Science:

  • Sports Science
  • Sociology of Sport
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Doping and performance-enhancing drug (PED) use are often treated separately from other substance use.
  • Perceptions of substance use in sports are linked to non-sport contexts.
  • Bridging this gap requires analyzing sport risk and enabling environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze systematic doping through risk and enabling environment frameworks.
  • To examine how sport environments enable doping and mitigate harms.
  • To understand the dynamic interplay between risk and enabling factors in sports.

Main Methods:

  • Review and analysis of secondary literature on known cases of systematic doping.
  • Application of risk and enabling environment frameworks.
  • Examination of anti-doping policy impacts on sport environments.

Main Results:

  • Systematic doping systems adapted to anti-doping policies, shielding athletes from risks.
  • Athletes faced the most harm when these systems were exposed.
  • Internal risks like extortion and bullying arose from the prohibitive environment driving doping underground.

Conclusions:

  • The risk and enabling environment framework offers insights into doping dynamics.
  • Prohibitive anti-doping policies can inadvertently create environments for harm.
  • Addressing doping requires a nuanced understanding of the sport ecosystem.