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Related Concept Videos

Electron Transport Chain Components01:29

Electron Transport Chain Components

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The electron transport chain (ETC) is a crucial metabolic pathway that facilitates energy conversion in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotes, the ETC comprises four membrane-associated protein complexes in the inner mitochondrial membrane. In prokaryotes, the ETC in the plasma membrane can vary in composition, with fewer or different complexes depending on the organism and environmental conditions. These complexes transfer electrons from electron donors, such as NADH and FADH2, to...
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The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) operates in parallel with glycolysis, facilitating the metabolism of both pentoses and glucose. This pathway consists of two distinct phases: the oxidative and non-oxidative phases. While it does not directly generate ATP, the intermediates formed during the process can integrate into glycolysis, contributing to cellular energy metabolism when required.Oxidative Phase: NADPH ProductionThe oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway is primarily...
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The electron transport chain or oxidative phosphorylation is an exothermic process in which free energy released during electron transfer reactions is coupled to ATP synthesis. This process is a significant source of energy in aerobic cells, and therefore inhibitors of the electron transport chain can be detrimental to the cell's metabolic processes.
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Chemolithotrophs are microorganisms that obtain energy by oxidizing inorganic molecules such as hydrogen gas (H₂), ammonia (NH₃), reduced sulfur compounds (H₂S, S²⁻), and ferrous iron (Fe²⁺). Unlike heterotrophic organisms that rely on organic carbon, chemolithotrophs transfer electrons from these inorganic donors to the electron transport chain (ETC), generating a proton motive force (PMF) that drives ATP synthesis through oxidative phosphorylation.
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Anoxygenic Photosynthesis01:30

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Anoxygenic photosynthesis is a phototrophic process that captures light energy to drive carbon fixation without producing molecular oxygen. Unlike oxygenic photosynthesis, which utilizes water as an electron donor and releases oxygen, anoxygenic phototrophs use alternative electron donors such as hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), elemental sulfur (S⁰), or thiosulfate (S₂O₃²⁻). This process is carried out by diverse groups of bacteria, including purple bacteria, green...
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The final stage of cellular respiration is oxidative phosphorylation that consists of two steps: the electron transport chain and chemiosmosis. The electron transport chain is a set of proteins found in the inner mitochondrial membrane in eukaryotic cells. Its primary function is to establish a proton gradient that can be used during chemiosmosis to produce ATP and generate electron carriers, such as NAD+ and FAD, that are used in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
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Updated: Dec 12, 2025

Characterizing Mediated Extracellular Electron Transfer in Lactic Acid Bacteria with a Three-Electrode, Two-Chamber Bioelectrochemical System
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Potential-dependent extracellular electron transfer pathways of exoelectrogens.

Dong-Feng Liu1, Wen-Wei Li2

  • 1CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China.

Current Opinion in Chemical Biology
|August 10, 2020
PubMed
Summary

Exoelectrogens adapt their extracellular electron transfer (EET) strategies in response to environmental redox potential changes. This review highlights redox-dependent EET pathways in bacteria like Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis.

Keywords:
Electrode potentialExoelectrogensExtracellular electron transferPathwaysRegulation

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology and Microbial Ecology
  • Electrochemistry and Bioelectrochemistry
  • Environmental Biotechnology

Background:

  • Exoelectrogens possess unique extracellular electron transfer (EET) capabilities for anaerobic respiration.
  • The impact of external redox environments on EET strategies has been largely unexplored.
  • Exoelectrogens can sense and respond to changes in external surface potentials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a condensed overview and critical analysis of recent discoveries on redox-dependent EET pathways in exoelectrogens.
  • To focus on the model organisms Geobacter sulfurreducens and Shewanella oneidensis.
  • To analyze the adaptive strategies of exoelectrogens in response to varying redox conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Review and synthesis of existing literature on exoelectrogen EET.
  • Analysis of experimental evidence detailing responses of EET components.
  • Comparative analysis of EET dynamics across different bacterial species and environmental conditions.

Main Results:

  • Exoelectrogens dynamically alter EET pathways in response to external redox potential.
  • Specific EET components exhibit varied responses, driven by sensing mechanisms.
  • EET dynamics differ significantly among species and are influenced by surface chemistry.

Conclusions:

  • Redox potential is a critical environmental factor modulating exoelectrogen EET.
  • Understanding redox-dependent EET is key to harnessing exoelectrogen capabilities.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate EET mechanisms and interspecies variations.