Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Disease

Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a widespread pathogen that primarily targets infants and young children but also poses a serious health risk to elderly and immunocompromised individuals. Belonging to the Pneumoviridae family, RSV is a negative-sense, single-stranded RNA virus within the Pneumovirus genus. Its global health burden is significant, with millions of cases annually resulting in hospitalizations and mortality, particularly in resource-limited settings. Although most...

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial Meningitis II: Pathophysiology

Bacterial meningitis typically begins when pathogens such as Neisseria meningitidis and Streptococcus pneumoniae colonize the nasopharynx and invade the bloodstream. This process is facilitated by bacterial virulence factors, such as polysaccharide capsules, which resist phagocytosis and complement-mediated killing. Less commonly, bacteria reach the central nervous system via contiguous spread from infections like otitis media or sinusitis, through congenital or acquired dural defects, or...

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Findings From Long-Term Follow-up in Children Hospitalized for Bronchiolitis in Pisa: Is It Time for a Standardized Protocol?

Pediatric pulmonology·2026

Same author

Dramatic response to levetiracetam in post-ischaemic Holmes' tremor.

BMJ case reports·2025

Same author

<i>ARID1B</i>-related disorder in 87 adults: Natural history and self-sustainability.

Genetics in medicine open·2024

Same author

Hyperlysinemia, an ultrarare inborn error of metabolism: Review and update.

Seizure·2024

Same author

Neuroinflammation and status epilepticus: a narrative review unraveling a complex interplay.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2023

Same author

Intact FGF23 concentration in healthy infants, children, and adolescents, and diagnostic usefulness in patients with X-linked hypophosphatemic rickets.

Journal of endocrinological investigation·2023

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Published on: April 9, 2012

Rasmussen's encephalitis: From immune pathogenesis towards targeted-therapy.

A Orsini¹, T Foiadelli², N Carli¹

¹Pediatric Neurology, Pediatric University Department, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Pisana, University of Pisa, Italy.

|August 10, 2020

Summary

Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is an autoimmune brain inflammation. While surgery is definitive, immunosuppressive therapies offer treatment options for RE, especially with T-cell targeted drugs.

Keywords:

Autoimmunity Biologic drugs Epilepsia partialis continua Epilepsy Immunosuppressive agents Immunotherapy Rasmussen encephalitis

More Related Videos

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 17, 2026

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Overcoming Unresponsiveness in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis EAE Resistant Mouse Strains by Adoptive Transfer and Antigenic Challenge

Published on: April 9, 2012

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Visualizing Impairment of the Endothelial and Glial Barriers of the Neurovascular Unit during Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis In Vivo

Published on: March 26, 2019

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Induction and Diverse Assessment Indicators of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis

Published on: September 9, 2022

Area of Science:

Neurology
Immunology
Neuroinflammation

Background:

Rasmussen encephalitis (RE) is a rare autoimmune condition affecting one brain hemisphere.
Key features include drug-resistant epilepsy, hemiparesis, and cognitive decline.
Currently, surgical hemispherectomy is the only definitive treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical presentation, autoimmune pathogenesis, and therapeutic strategies for RE.
To evaluate the role of immunosuppressive agents in managing RE.
To explore novel targeted therapies based on RE's immune mechanisms.

Main Methods:

Systematic review of literature up to 2020.
Inclusion of systematic reviews, meta-analyses, observational studies, clinical trials, and case reports.
Focus on evidence supporting autoimmune involvement and therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

Autoimmune pathogenesis is confirmed in RE.
Immunosuppressive therapy shows potential, particularly for slow-progressing cases or when surgery is contraindicated.
T-cell involvement and specific cytokine profiles suggest efficacy of targeted therapies like anti-TNFα agents.

Conclusions:

Immunosuppressive agents are a viable therapeutic consideration for Rasmussen encephalitis.
Targeted immunotherapies, including biologic drugs, represent a promising future direction for RE treatment.
Further research into immune-modulating strategies is warranted for RE management.