The contribution of C. elegans neurogenetics to understanding neurodegenerative diseases

Since Caenorhabditis elegans was first introduced as a genetic model organism by Sydney Brenner, researchers studying it have made significant contributions in numerous fields including investigations of the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. The simple anatomy, optical transparency, and short life-span of this small nematode together with the development and curation of many openly shared resources (including the entire genome, cell lineage and the neural map of the animal) allow researchers using C. elegans to move their research forward rapidly in an immensely collaborative community. These resources have allowed researchers to use C. elegans to study the cellular processes that may underlie human diseases. Indeed, many disease-associated genes have orthologs in C. elegans, allowing the effects of mutations in these genes to be studied in relevant and reproducible neuronal cell-types at single-cell resolution in vivo. Here we review studies that have attempted to establish genetic models of specific human neurodegenerative diseases (ALS, Alzheimer's Disease, Parkinson's Disease, Huntington's Disease) in C. elegans and what they have contributed to understanding the molecular and genetic underpinnings of each disease. With continuous advances in genome engineering, research conducted using this small organism first established by Brenner, Sulston and their contemporaries will continue to contribute to the understanding of human nervous diseases.